{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:30:40Z","timestamp":1788957040666,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016714","name":"University of Sharjah","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1701100127-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1701100127-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016714","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Braz. Dent. J."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract This study is designed to investigate the influence of fluoride and pH value on the release of titanium particles from Ti6Al4V dental implants with hydrophobic microrough surface produced by sandblasting and acid-etching techniques; and correlate particle size to their uptake by macrophages and expression of inflammatory cytokines. Fifteen dental implants were immersed in five test solutions with different fluoride concentrations and pH values. Three control implants were scanned using a scanning electron microscope and fifteen test implants were also scanned after their immersion in the test solutions. The immersion solutions were analyzed for titanium particles\/ions size-range and amount. The uptake of titanium particles by macrophages and expression of Il-1 \u03b2 and IL-8 following their exposure to titanium particles were investigated. Test solutions with high fluoride and acidity resulted in the release of micro-size titanium particles (4551.7 \u00b1 114.5 nm and 2783 \u00b1 101.13 nm); while those with low fluoride, neutral pH, and alkaline environment resulted in the release of nano-size titanium particles (431.2 \u00b1 80.6 nm, 448.3 \u00b1 112 nm, and 484.5 \u00b1 85.3 nm respectively). There was an increase in the uptake of nanoparticles by macrophages without altering their membrane integrity. The increase in expression of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-8 by M0 macrophages after exposure to titanium dioxide particles may facilitate our understanding of immune cell population-specific molecular events deriving the peri-implant inflammation in response to titanium particles. Fluoride and pH values influence the release of titanium particles from the implant's surface. The activated inflammatory mediators are key to imbalance in osteoblast-osteoclast activity and failure of implant osseointegration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-644020256187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T18:23:46Z","timestamp":1744827826000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Titanium Particles Released from Dental Implants Under Fluoride Exposure Interact with Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6938-9913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waad","family":"Kheder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sharjah,  UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1947-253X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soumya","family":"Sheela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sharjah,  UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0373-837X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. R.","family":"Samsudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sharjah,  UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6118-4382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sausan Al","family":"Kawas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sharjah,  UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2365-232X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sharjah,  UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7226-3403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Qabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sharjah,  UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03027494","article-title":"Surface characteristics of clinically used dental implant screws","volume":"11","author":"Han M","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metals and Materials International"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/39\/15\/S01","article-title":"Electrochemical and materials aspects of tribocorrosion systems","volume":"39","author":"Landolt D","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Phys D Applied Physics"},{"issue":"293","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2012.05.030","article-title":"Simultaneous degradation by corrosion and wear of titanium in artificial saliva containing fluorides","volume":"292","author":"Souza JCM","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wear"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2013.03.008","article-title":"Corrosion behavior of titanium in the presence of Streptococcus mutans","volume":"41","author":"Souza JCM","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.159","article-title":"Degradation mechanisms and future challenges of titanium and its alloys for dental implant applications in oral environment","volume":"76","author":"Revathi A","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2012.01.001","article-title":"Titanium surface topography after brushing with fluoride and fluoride-free toothpaste simulating 10 years of use","volume":"40","author":"Fais LMG","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5729(00)00011-X","article-title":"Teeth and bones: applications of surface science to dental materials and related biomaterials","volume":"42","author":"Jones FH","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surface Science Reports"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00328-3","article-title":"Influence of fluoride content and pH on the corrosion resistance of titanium and its alloys","volume":"23","author":"Schiff N","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/jab.770060409","article-title":"Influence of fluoride on titanium in an acidic environment measured by polarization resistance technique","volume":"6","author":"Boere G","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of applied biomaterials"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.12.003","article-title":"Cyto-and genotoxicity of ultrafine TiO2 particles in cultured human lymphoblastoid cells","volume":"628","author":"Wang JJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutation Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref11","first-page":"781","article-title":"Statements from the Estepona consensus meeting on peri-implantitis","volume":"14","author":"Albrektsson T","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Implant Dent Relat Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0109-5641(95)80056-5","article-title":"In vitro reaction of macrophages to metal ions from dental biomaterials","volume":"11","author":"Wataha JC","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"issue":"s11","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2010.01672.x","article-title":"Are peri-implantitis lesions different from periodontitis lesions?","volume":"38","author":"Berglundh T","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2014.140363","article-title":"Foreign Bodies Associated with Peri-Implantitis Human Biopsies","volume":"86","author":"Thomas G","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Periodontol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39612","article-title":"Scaling of titanium implants entrains inflammation-induced osteolysis","volume":"7","author":"Eger M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12479","article-title":"Can degradation products released from dental implants affect peri-implant tissues?","volume":"53","author":"Oliveira MN","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Evidence-Based Implant Dentistry","first-page":"229","volume-title":"Peri-implantitis","author":"Iocca O","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokines Interleukin-1\u03b2 and Tumour Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 - Novel Biomarkers for the Detection of Periodontal Diseases: A Literature Review","volume":"7","author":"Gomes FIF","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Res"},{"issue":"(","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.08.002","article-title":"THP-1 cell line: an in vitro cell model for immune modulation approach","volume":"23","author":"Chanput W","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00179-8","article-title":"Effects of fluorides on titanium and other dental alloys in dentistry","volume":"19","author":"Reclaru L","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"S37","article-title":"Effect of fluoride on friction between bracket and wire","volume":"8","author":"Alavi S","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dental research journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","first-page":"17","article-title":"Five-Year Success, and Failure Assessment of Four Implant Systems","volume":"1","author":"Motamedi MHK","year":"2016","journal-title":"ARC Journal of Forensic Science"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2004.03.019","article-title":"Corrosion behavior of a new titanium alloy for dental implant applications in fluoride media","volume":"86","author":"Al-Mayouf AM","year":"2004","journal-title":"Materials Chemistry and Physics"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-5712(95)00033-X","article-title":"Corrosive properties of fluoride-containing odontologic gels against titanium","volume":"24","author":"Toumelin-Chemla F","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2015.11.028","article-title":"Corrosion resistance in artificial saliva of titanium anodized by plasma electrolytic oxidation in Na3PO4","volume":"285","author":"Veys-Renaux D","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surface and Coatings Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31490","article-title":"Novel production method and in\u2010vitro cell compatibility of porous Ti\u20106Al\u20104V alloy disk for hard tissue engineering","volume":"86A","author":"Bhattarai SR","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Materials Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref27","first-page":"390","article-title":"Effect of fluoride prophylactic agents on titanium surfaces","volume":"7","author":"Pr\u00f6bster L","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref28","article-title":"Surface analysis and corrosion behavior of pure titanium under fluoride exposure","volume":"124","author":"Chen WQ","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12364","article-title":"Titanium ions form particles that activate and execute interleukin-1\u03b2 release from lipopolysaccharide-primed macrophages","volume":"52","author":"Pettersson M","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref30","article-title":"Chemokines Associated with Pathologic Responses to Orthopedic Implant Debris","volume":"8","author":"Hallab NJ","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31467","article-title":"Human macrophage response to UHMWPE, TiAlV, CoCr, and alumina particles: analysis of multiple cytokines using protein arrays","volume":"84","author":"Kaufman AM","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"}],"container-title":["Brazilian Dental Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S0103-64402025000100207&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T18:23:53Z","timestamp":1744827833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-64402025000100207&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S0103-64402025000100207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0103-644020256187","relation":{},"ISSN":["1806-4760","0103-6440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1806-4760","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0103-6440","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"e24-6187"}}