{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:08:38Z","timestamp":1753888118458,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Braz. J. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>ABSTRACT Infectious agents cause serious diseases in humans worldwide and are responsible for the high rate of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence and epidemiology of infectious disease (HCV) in the hospital visited patients referred by the physicians through the initial findings and their associated risk factors were studied in Swat. The data of 174 infected patients were collected during the period of 2015 to 2017 from two clinical laboratories of Tehsil Matta Swat. Inform consent form was taken before blood collection. After taking informed consent blood samples were collected and ICT test was performed and then ICT positive cases were conform through PCR. A total of 174 ICT positive samples [106 male and 68 females] were included in this study. Age was considered from 10 to 72 years. Of the 174 ICT strip positive, 99 [63 males, 36 females] were confirmed through PCR. The prevalence rate was recorded 56.89%. I.V\/I.M injection was recorded in 100% of the individuals. Visits to the barber shop was reported in (58%) of the individuals, married individuals were (81.0), surgical operation was reported in (44.8%), sharing toothbrush was observed in (29.9%), piercing was reported in (39.7%), family history was reported in (26.4%), dental treatment was observed in (21.8%), jaundice were (13.2%) and tattooing was (1.7%). Blood transfusion, surgical operations, Jaundice, family history and dental treatment were found significant risk factors for acquiring HCV infection. It was concluded that proper implementation of precautionary measures should be needed to control the spread of HCV in far near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.243283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T12:20:04Z","timestamp":1624278004000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Episode of Hepatitis C viral infection in the people of Swat, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9350-013X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Peshawar,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7454-1550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hazara University,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4145-3332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hazara University,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7660-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Nasar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMSAT University Islamabad,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5069-0228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Swat,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.04.004","article-title":"Global estimates of prevalence of HCV infection among injecting drug users","volume":"18","author":"ACEIJAS C.","year":"2007","journal-title":"The International Journal on Drug Policy"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200411190-00010","article-title":"Global overview of injecting drug use and HIV infection among injecting drug users","volume":"18","author":"ACEIJAS C.","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1258\/004947507779951989","article-title":"Seroprevalences and co-infections of HIV, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus in injecting drug users in Quetta, Pakistan","volume":"37","author":"ACHAKZAI M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tropical Doctor"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","first-page":"744","article-title":"Seroprevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV in general healthy population of Swat district with frequency of different HCV Genotypes","volume":"25","author":"AHMAD A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmm.2015.53017","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections among patients with chronic renal failure in Zabeed city, Yemen Republic","volume":"5","author":"AL-HEGAMI M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref6","first-page":"32","article-title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus and Associated Risk Factors among Hemodialysis Patients in Ibb City-Yemen","volume":"5","author":"ALMEZGAGI M.M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"PSM Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref7","first-page":"136","article-title":"High prevalence of HIV infection among injection drug users (IDUs) in Hyderabad and Sukkur, Pakistan","volume":"59","author":"ALTAF A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","first-page":"24","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infection among voluntary non remunerated & replacement donors in Northern Pakistan","volume":"20","author":"ASIF N.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","first-page":"92","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and C amongst health workers of Civil Hospital Karachi","volume":"52","author":"AZIZ S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","first-page":"221","article-title":"The prevalence of hepatitis C virus among hemodialysis patients in yemen","volume":"3","author":"BAGHZA M.N.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Purity, Utility Reaction and Environment"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref11","first-page":"699","article-title":"Frequency of hepatitis C and D super infection in patients with hepatitis B related complex liver disorders","volume":"19","author":"BAIG S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons - 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