{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T06:33:45Z","timestamp":1768718025406,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Braz. J. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract Increasing trend in antimicrobial resistance and failure of chemically synthesized antibiotics lead to discover alternative methods for the treatment of bacterial infections. Various medicinal plants are in use traditionally and their active compounds can be further applied for treatment of bacterial diseases. This study was designed to determine the antibacterial activity of Punica granatum (P. granatum L.) (pomegranate) peel extract against Enterobacteriaceae [Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and Shigella Dysenteriae (S. Dysenteriae)] and gram-positive bacterium [Staphylococcus aureus (Staph aureus)]. Methanolic extract of P. granatum L. peel was prepared by Soxhlet apparatus method. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents from the extract were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The antibacterial activity of P. granatum L. peel extract was evaluated through agar well diffusion method. HPLC showed the range of phenolics (gallic acid, caffeic acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid) and flavonoid compounds. The chemical structures of flavonoid and phenolics found in the methanolic extract of P. granatum L. peel have been reported for the first time. The methanolic peel extract (50 ul) of yellow P. granatum L. showed 26, 10, 10 and 9mm zones of inhibition (ZOI) against S. aureus, S. Typhimurium, S. Dysenteriae and E. coli, respectively. The methanolic extract of red P. granatum L. (100 ul) showed 27, 8, 12 and 15 mm ZOI against Staph. aureus, S. Typhimurium, S. Dysenteriae and E. coli, respectively. Highest ZOI was observed against Staph. aureus. Many of the bacteria studied in the present work may cause serious gastrointestinal infections, which can lead to hemorrhagic diarrhea in children. These infections can be life-threatening to young children and the elderly. There is an incentive to find alternative control measures, such as plant and herbal extracts, especially in lesser-developed countries where traditional antibiotics may not be readily available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.244435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T12:14:25Z","timestamp":1629461665000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Portrayal of Punica granatum L. peel extract through High Performance Liquid Chromatography and antimicrobial activity evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8709-1029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.S.","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7026-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government College University,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8985-7729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8589-2292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.B.","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GC University,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0376-4391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Asad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government College University,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7344-6212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.Z.","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Agriculture,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5237-5256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4117-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Islamia University of Bahawalpur,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5065-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8147-8820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Rafique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government College University,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2020.083","article-title":"Anthelmintic effects and toxicity analysis of herbal dewormer against the infection of Haemonchus contortus and Fasciola hepatica in goat","volume":"40","author":"ABBAS R.Z.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"343","article-title":"Molecular screening of resistant and virulent genes in Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium from Poultry in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","volume":"40","author":"AHMAD Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.02.022","article-title":"Antibacterial properties of some plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"100","author":"ALAN\u00cdS A.D.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"887","article-title":"Bactericidal activity and phytochemical screening of Moroccan Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.) peel aqueous extracts","volume":"7","author":"CHEBAIBI A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal Medicinal Plants Research"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0526-5","article-title":"In-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial activity of Punica granatum peel ethanol extract against Salmonella","volume":"2011","author":"CHOI J.G.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"273","article-title":"Studies on antibacterial and antifungal activity of pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.)","volume":"9","author":"DAHHAM S.S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"2647","article-title":"Comparative antibacterial study of different extracts of Pomegranate and its wild variety","volume":"2","author":"DEVI A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"126","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of Aframomum melegueta (Alligator Pepper)","volume":"2","author":"DOHERTY V.F.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"319","article-title":"Molecular characterization of extensively drug-resistant Pasteurella multocida isolated from apparently healthy and diseased chickens in Egypt","volume":"40","author":"ELALAMY R.A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","first-page":"27","article-title":"The in-vitro action of plants on Vibrio cholerae.","volume":"14","author":"GUEVARA J.M.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Revista de Gastroenterologia del Peru"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8098943","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of Hydroalcoholic extract of Punica granatum Linn. petal on common oral microorganisms","volume":"2016","author":"HAJIFATTAHI F.","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7480","DOI":"10.4081\/mr.2018.7480","article-title":"Study on antibacterial and flavonoid content of ethanolic extract of Punica granatum (Pomegranate) Peel","volume":"9","author":"JAISINGHANI R.N.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiology Research"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.47278\/journal.abr\/2020.031","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effect of flaxseed lignan and \u03b2 glucan in postmenopausal diabetic patients","volume":"5","author":"JAVED F.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agrobiological Records"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2009.02124.x","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of pomegranate peel extract improves the shelf life of chicken products","volume":"45","author":"KANATT S.R.","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Science and Technology"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"23","article-title":"Antibacterial properties of Punica granatum peels","volume":"2","author":"KHAN J.A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2020.040","article-title":"Appraisal of cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass) for antibacterial activity against uropathogens","volume":"41","author":"LIN X.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.12.2508","article-title":"Anti-Listeria monocytogenes activity of heat-treated lyophilized pomegranate juice in media and in ground top round beef","volume":"72","author":"LUCAS D.L.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.47278\/journal.abr\/2020.028","article-title":"Indigenous plants of Pakistan for the treatment of Diabetes: a review","volume":"4","author":"MAJEED Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agrobiological Records"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.167376","article-title":"Effectiveness of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze against diarrhea-inducing bacteria","volume":"78","author":"MALLMANN R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.01.029","article-title":"Antibacterial activities of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea in Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"105","author":"MATHABE M.C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4236\/fns.2013.410A008","article-title":"Anti-ulcerogenic activity of the pomegranate peel (Punica granatum) methanol extract","volume":"4","author":"MOGHADDAM G.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food and Nutrition Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-008-0095-5","article-title":"Physico-chemical properties, vitamin C content, and antimicrobial properties of pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum L.)","volume":"2","author":"OPARA L.U.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food and Bioprocess Technology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.219889","article-title":"Chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity of Campomanesia aurea against three strains of Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"81","author":"PACHECO L.A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(94)90097-3","article-title":"In-vitro antibacterial activity of Argentine folk medicinal plants against Salmonella Typhi.","volume":"44","author":"P\u00c9REZ C.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.47278\/journal.abr\/2021.001","article-title":"Phytochemicals analysis and antimicrobial activities of Echinops echinatus from Cholistan Desert, Pakistan","volume":"5","author":"RAFAY M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agrobiological Records"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1522","article-title":"Antimicrobial evaluation of some medicinal plants for their anti-enteric potential against multi-drug resistant Salmonella Typhi.","volume":"18","author":"RANI P.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytotherapy Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2010.0009","article-title":"Potential application of spice and herb extracts as natural preservatives in cheese","volume":"14","author":"SHAN B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Food"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.189089","article-title":"Antibacterial and antiproliferative activities of the fresh leaf essential oil of Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae)","volume":"79","author":"SILVA E.A.J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2019.110","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis and in-vitro activity of essential oils of selected plants against Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella gallinarum of poultry origin","volume":"40","author":"YASMIN S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"77","article-title":"Anticoccidial effects of Camellia sinensis (green tea) extract and its effect on blood and serum chemistry of broiler chickens","volume":"40","author":"ZHANG K.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"}],"container-title":["Brazilian Journal of Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/bjb\/v83\/1519-6984-bjb-83-e244435.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T12:14:55Z","timestamp":1629461695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-69842023000100161&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S1519-69842023000100161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1519-6984.244435","relation":{},"ISSN":["1678-4375","1519-6984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1678-4375","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1519-6984","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"article-number":"e244435"}}