{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T09:23:47Z","timestamp":1793784227584,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Braz. J. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract A group of inherited blood defects is known as Thalassemia is among the world\u2019s most prevalent hemoglobinopathies. Thalassemias are of two types such as Alpha and Beta Thalassemia. The cause of these defects is gene mutations leading to low levels and\/or malfunctioning \u03b1 and \u03b2 globin proteins, respectively. In some cases, one of these proteins may be completely absent. \u03b1 and \u03b2 globin chains form a globin fold or pocket for heme (Fe++) attachment to carry oxygen. Genes for alpha and beta-globin proteins are present in the form of a cluster on chromosome 16 and 11, respectively. Different globin genes are used at different stages in the life course. During embryonic and fetal developmental stages, \u03b3 globin proteins partner with \u03b1 globin and are later replaced by \u03b2 globin protein. Globin chain imbalances result in hemolysis and impede erythropoiesis. Individuals showing mild symptoms include carriers of alpha thalassemia or the people bearing alpha or beta-thalassemia trait. Alpha thalassemia causes conditions like hemolytic anemia or fatal hydrops fetalis depending upon the severity of the disease. Beta thalassemia major results in hemolytic anemia, growth retardation, and skeletal aberrations in early childhood. Children affected by this disorder need regular blood transfusions throughout their lives. Patients that depend on blood transfusion usually develop iron overload that causes other complications in the body systems like renal or hepatic impairment therefore, thalassemias are now categorized as a syndrome. The only cure for Thalassemias would be a bone marrow transplant, or gene therapy with currently no significant success rate. A thorough understanding of the molecular basis of this syndrome may provide novel insights and ideas for its treatment, as scientists have still been unable to find a permanent cure for this deadly disease after more than 87 years since it is first described in 1925.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.246062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T08:42:58Z","timestamp":1630658578000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Thalassemia, a human blood disorder"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3658-9729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Shafique","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir,  Pakistan; University of Sheffield,  United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2481-1978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government College University Lahore,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5653-3533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Almansouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield,  United Kingdom; King Abdulaziz University,  Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3483-8269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Van Eeden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield,  United 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Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7888-6444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Andleeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5524-9765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. ul","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield,  United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Normal reference values of some hematological parameters among adult sudanese people in elmatama locality.","author":"ALI A.H.A.E.","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-013-1162-0","article-title":"Fat-soluble antioxidant vitamins, iron 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