{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:07:57Z","timestamp":1753888077477,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Braz. J. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract Frequent outbreaks of avian influenza H9N2 virus in Pakistan revealed that this subtype has become endemic in the poultry industry and, besides economic losses, poses a threat to public health. The present study describes the molecular characterization and pathological alterations in naturally infected broiler chickens with the current H9N2 field strain and their phylogenomic dynamics. In this study, tissue samples (trachea, lung, kidney and intestine) from 100 commercial chicken flocks were collected from July 2018 to August 2019. Samples were subjected to molecular detection, phylogeny and subsequent pathological examination. The complete length of the HA gene was successfully amplified in five samples. Nucleotide sequencing revealed positive samples placed in a clade belonging to the B2 sub-lineage of the G1 genotype and categorized as LPAIV based on the amino acid sequence of the HA gene at the cleavage site (PAKSSR\/G). Genetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed nt: 80.5%-99.5%; aa: 83.8%-98.9% homology to H9N2 strains reported previously from Pakistan, neighbouring countries, and (A\/Quail\/Hong Kong\/G1\/97). Gross lesions include a slight airsacculitis, mild hemorrhages, diffuse congestion and purulent exudate in tracheal mucosa, fibrinonecrotic cast in the trachea lumen and mild pulmonary congestion. Histopathological alterations include sloughing of epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the trachea, mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltration, pulmonary congestion and exudate in the lumen of parabronchi, peritubular congestion in the kidneys with degeneration of tubular epithelial cells and degenerative changes in the intestinal villi epithelial cells and goblet cell hyperplasia. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the presence of AIVH9N2 antigen in the trachea, lungs, kidney and intestine. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes in the trachea, including degenerated cilia, mitochondrial swelling and enlarged endoplasmic reticulum. Based on all essential analysis, the present study revealed the distribution of the H9N2 virus of G1 genotype in Punjab, Pakistan, with mild to moderate pathogenicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.261849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T16:52:44Z","timestamp":1671468764000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A perspective of the prevalent H9N2 virus with a special focus on molecular and pathological aspects in commercial broiler chicken in Punjab, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3736-6025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. F.","family":"Waheed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0383-6930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4252-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. R.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9475-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4928-9688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Anjum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1637\/11110-042815-Reg","article-title":"Susceptibility and status of avian influenza in 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Journal of Zoology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197","article-title":"MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0","volume":"30","author":"TAMURA K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12673","article-title":"Evolution of highly pathogenic H7N3 avian influenza viruses in Mexico","volume":"67","author":"TROV\u00c3O N.S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses and Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey154","article-title":"Phylogenetic classification of hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated in China during 2012\u20132016 and evaluation of selected candidate vaccine strains","volume":"97","author":"XU C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2019.027","article-title":"Molecular epidemiological investigation of AIV H9N2 subtype in broilers in North and Northeast China","volume":"40","author":"YUNHUA B.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"}],"container-title":["Brazilian Journal of Biology"],"original-title":["Perspectiva do v\u00edrus H9N2 prevalente com foco especial em aspectos moleculares e patol\u00f3gicos em frangos de corte comerciais em Punjab, Paquist\u00e3o"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S1519-69842024000100300&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T16:53:03Z","timestamp":1671468783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-69842024000100300&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S1519-69842024000100300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1519-6984.261849","relation":{},"ISSN":["1678-4375","1519-6984"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1678-4375"},{"type":"print","value":"1519-6984"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"article-number":"e261849"}}