{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T22:16:57Z","timestamp":1779142617368,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Braz. J. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are endemic worldwide and more prevalent in countries with unhygienic conditions. The objective of the research was to identify the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in rural and urban areas of Quetta, Balochistan and to check their associated risk factors including; age, gender, educational status, sanitary system and any other immunodeficiency. For this instance 204 stool samples were collected from the urban and rural population of Quetta, Balochistan. The participants with positive results for Intestinal Parasitic Infections were interviewed using close-ended questionnaire. From the findings of this study, it has been revealed that prevalence of Intestinal parasitic infections in rural and urban areas was 21%. Males were found more prevalent (66%) as compared to females (34%) due to higher risk of contacting to outer environment. The prevalence was higher in rural areas (23%). The most prevalent intestinal parasite was Entamoeba histolytica (48%). Other prevailing parasites were Hymenolepis nana (26%), Giardia Intestinalis (17%), Trichomonas hominis (5%) and Trichuris trichiura (5%). The majority of patients were having lower socio-economic (52%) and educational status (48%). Educational status of 48% patients was primary or below primary. Most of the participants with positive results did not have hand washing habit (62%) and didn\u2019t have the closed sanitary system (71%). The intestinal parasitic infections were more prevalent among children aged from 1-10 (33%). This may be a result of poor hygiene in children. The study will contribute to lower down the prevalence in the studied areas by the application of different preventive measures in future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.266898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T13:10:33Z","timestamp":1681737033000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors associated with human Intestinal Parasitic Infections (IPIs) in rural and urban areas of Quetta, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7041-6023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Karim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sardar Bahadur Khan Women\u2019s University,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Zartashia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sardar Bahadur Khan Women\u2019s University,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Khwaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Akhter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. A.","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science, and Technology,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Parveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","first-page":"371","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in a rural population in Egypt, and its relation to socio-demographic characteristics","volume":"39","author":"BAKR I.M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","first-page":"267","article-title":"Epidemiological factors affecting prevalence of intestinal parasites in children of Muzaffarabad district","volume":"36","author":"CHAUDHRY Z.H.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Zoology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/13.4.423","article-title":"Knowledge, perceptions and behavior of mothers toward intestinal helminths in Upper Egypt: implications for control","volume":"13","author":"CURTALE F.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Policy and Planning"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022710","article-title":"Amoebiasis","volume":"348","author":"HAQUE R.","year":"2003","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2003.00493.x","article-title":"Human anisakiasis: diversity in antibody response profiles to the changing antigens in larval excretions\/secretions","volume":"25","author":"HWANG Y.K.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasite Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","first-page":"50","article-title":"Mental and behavioral effects of parasitic infections: a review","volume":"9","author":"JASTI A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nepal Medical College Journal"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-9946201658042","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and symptoms associated to intestinal parasite infections among patients with gastrointestinal disorders in Nahavand, Western Iran","volume":"58","author":"KIANI H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","first-page":"716","article-title":"Anemia and intestinal parasite infection in school children in rural Vietnam","volume":"16","author":"LE H.T.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-243","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infections in children presenting with diarrhoea in outpatient and inpatient settings in an informal settlement of Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"13","author":"MBAE C.K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003680","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with intestinal parasitic infection among children in an urban slum of Karachi","volume":"3","author":"MEHRAJ V.","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","first-page":"216","article-title":"Frequency and risk factors for intestinal parasitic infection in children under five years age at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi","volume":"59","author":"MUMTAZ S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-225","article-title":"Role of the employment status and education of mothers in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Mexican rural schoolchildren","volume":"6","author":"QUIHUI L.","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1661S","article-title":"Pregnancy, nutrition and parasitic diseases","volume":"133","author":"STEKETEE R.W.","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-3-9","article-title":"Mothers\u2019 education but not fathers\u2019 education, household assets or land ownership is the best predictor of child health inequalities in rural Uganda","volume":"3","author":"WAMANI H.","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal for Equity in Health"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"359","article-title":"Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis","volume":"912","year":"2002","journal-title":"World Health Organization Technical Report Series"}],"container-title":["Brazilian Journal of Biology"],"original-title":["Preval\u00eancia e fatores de risco associados a infec\u00e7\u00f5es Infec\u00e7\u00f5es Parasit\u00e1rias Intestinais (IPIs) em \u00e1reas rurais e urbanas de Quetta, Paquist\u00e3o"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S1519-69842024000100445&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T13:10:47Z","timestamp":1681737047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-69842024000100445&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":15,"alternative-id":["S1519-69842024000100445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1519-6984.266898","relation":{},"ISSN":["1678-4375","1519-6984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1678-4375","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1519-6984","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"article-number":"e266898"}}