{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:59:09Z","timestamp":1790787549066,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Braz. J. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract Leishmaniasis, caused by the Leishmania parasite, remains a persistent public health challenge in Pakistan. Despite control efforts, the disease prevalence continues to rise, particularly among pediatric populations. Understanding prevalence patterns and transmission dynamics is critical for effective control strategies. This study aims to analyze leishmaniasis prevalence data from January 2016 to July 2023 in Pakistan. Specific objectives include assessing temporal trends, demographic patterns, and geographical hotspots of transmission, while emphasizing the need for enhanced surveillance and research for targeted interventions. Retrospective analysis was conducted on leishmaniasis prevalence data collected from multiple healthcare facilities across Pakistan. Data included results from diagnostic tests on suspected cases, encompassing both pediatric and adult patients. Descriptive statistical analysis was employed to evaluate prevalence rates, demographic characteristics, and geographical distribution of positive cases. Analysis revealed an increasing trend in leishmaniasis prevalence over the study period. Initially, from 2016 to 2020, a positivity rate of 27% was observed exclusively among pediatric patients in Islamabad, with no adult cases. Subsequently, from 2017 to 2022, the positivity rate increased to 42%, affecting both pediatric and adult populations in Islamabad, Rawalpindi, and Swat. Notably, between July 2022 and July 2023, the positivity rate surged to 56%, primarily impacting adult males in the identified hotspots. The study provides evidence of rising leishmaniasis prevalence in Pakistan, particularly among pediatric patients. Identified hotspots suggest localized transmission, warranting targeted interventions. Enhanced surveillance and research efforts are crucial for understanding disease dynamics and implementing effective control measures. Priority should be given to vulnerable populations and high-burden regions to mitigate leishmaniasis impact in Pakistan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.284742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T13:22:23Z","timestamp":1737984143000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epidemiological analysis of Leishmaniasis prevalence in Pakistan during 2016-2023"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1599-651X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Uppal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Islamabad Diagnostic Center,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9740-0371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U.","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Islamabad Diagnostic Center,  Pakistan; Near East University,  Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. E.","family":"Khattak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Islamabad Diagnostic Center,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Islamabad Diagnostic Center,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. R.","family":"Uppal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Islamabad Diagnostic Center,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z. Z.","family":"Piracha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Mizan Islamic International Medical College Trust (IIMCT) Complex,  Pakistan; International Center of Medical Sciences Research,  Pakistan; International Center of Medical Sciences Research,  USA; International Center of Medical Sciences Research,  United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. N.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sindh Medical College,  Pakistan; Calderdale Royal Hospital,  United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karachi Medical and Dental College,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calderdale Royal Hospital,  United Kingdom; Nawaz Sharif Medical College,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. R.","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. S.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamdard University,  Pakistan; Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust,  United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. N.","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. S.","family":"Gilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. U.","family":"Ozsahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Near East University,  Turkey; University of Sharjah,  United Arab Emirates; University of Sharjah,  United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Uzun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Near East University,  Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Ozsahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Near East University,  Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of cutaneous leishmaniasis: an overview from Pakistan","volume":"18","author":"BARI A.U.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatology Online Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21939","article-title":"Nitazoxanide and quercetin co-loaded nanotransfersomal gel for topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with macrophage targeting and enhanced anti-leishmanial effect","volume":"9","author":"BASHIR S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00146-4","article-title":"Surge of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan","volume":"24","author":"DEVI S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Lancet. Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2023-0255","article-title":"Synthesis of hydrazinyl-thiazole ester derivatives, in vitro trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activities","volume":"16","author":"HAROON M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Medicinal Chemistry"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10374","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2023.2256879","article-title":"Investigating the role of sterol C24-methyl transferase mutation on drug resistance in leishmaniasis and identifying potential inhibitors","volume":"42","author":"KHAN H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1645\/19-191","article-title":"Systematic review of Leishmaniasis in Pakistan: evaluating spatial distribution and risk factors","volume":"107","author":"KHAN 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risk of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"8","author":"ULLAH W.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 clearance in term of Cycle Threshold (Ct) during first two waves of COVID-19 in Pakistan: a phenomenon of delayed viral clearance post-corticosteroid treatment","volume":"84","author":"UPPAL R.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Leishmaniasis.","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Brazilian Journal of Biology"],"original-title":["An\u00e1lise epidemiol\u00f3gica da preval\u00eancia da Leishmaniose no Paquist\u00e3o durante 2016-2023"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S1519-69842024000101357&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T13:22:30Z","timestamp":1737984150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-69842024000101357&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["S1519-69842024000101357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1519-6984.284742","relation":{},"ISSN":["1678-4375","1519-6984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1678-4375","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1519-6984","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"article-number":"e284742"}}