{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T08:27:23Z","timestamp":1769761643024,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Braz. J. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant public health concern globally, and Pakistan is no exception. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics, inadequate regulation of their sale, and a lack of awareness contribute to the rising levels of AMR in the country. study presents a detailed analysis of blood and urine samples collected in Pakistan over various periods, focusing on pathogen prevalence, gender distribution, and age-wise patterns. From January 2013 to 2017, the North region exclusively contributed to the blood sample dataset, with Salmonella emerging as the primary pathogen, particularly affecting infants and neonates. Subsequently, from January 2017 to December 2020, a significant dataset emerged from the North and Punjab regions, with Salmonella and E.coli prevalent across all age groups, notably impacting adults and infants. In the period from January 2021 to the present, blood samples predominantly originated from the North and Punjab regions, with Salmonella and E.coli remaining significant pathogens, affecting adults and the elderly. Regarding urine samples, from January 2013 to December 2017, E.coli was the dominant pathogen, with females showing a higher susceptibility to urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly among the elderly. Similarly, from January 2017 to December 2020, E.coli remained predominant, with UTIs more prevalent in females and the elderly. In the most recent period, the North region significantly contributed to UTI cases, with E.coli remaining predominant and females exhibiting a higher susceptibility, especially among the elderly. This comprehensive analysis provides crucial insights into the epidemiology of blood and urinary tract infections in Pakistan, informing public health strategies and interventions aimed at addressing these health challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.285605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T15:04:36Z","timestamp":1757084676000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance patterns: a comprehensive analysis of health dynamics across regions in Pakistan (2013-2023)"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Uppal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Islamabad Diagnostic Center,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Rehan Uppal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Islamabad Diagnostic Center,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Prince Mugrin,  Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9740-0371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U.","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Near East University,  T\u00fcrkiye; Foundation University Islamabad,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Islamabad Diagnostic Center,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. S.","family":"Uppal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Islamabad Diagnostic Center,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Islamabad Diagnostic Center,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. U.","family":"Ozsahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Near East University,  T\u00fcrkiye; University of Sharjah,  United Arab Emirates; University of Sharjah,  United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. N.","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation & Allied Health Sciences,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Near East University,  T\u00fcrkiye; Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University,  Hungary; University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw,  Poland; Korea University,  Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Z. Z.","family":"Piracha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation & Allied Health Sciences,  Pakistan; International Center of Medical Sciences Research,  United States; International Center of Medical Sciences Research,  United Kingdom; International Center of Medical Sciences Research,  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0309-1","article-title":"Prevalence of extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: first systematic meta-analysis report from Pakistan","volume":"7","author":"ABRAR S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiological and molecular characterization of hepatitis b virus in pakistan: prevalence, genotypes, and clinical factors","volume":"1","author":"ASIF R.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Kingdom"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2019.37","article-title":"WHO global priority pathogens list: a bibliometric analysis of Medline-PubMed for knowledge mobilization to infection prevention and control practices in Bahrain","volume":"34","author":"ASOKAN G.V.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oman Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.10.005","article-title":"Impact of vaccines on antimicrobial resistance","volume":"90","author":"BUCHY P.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2012.2307","article-title":"Multidrug resistant microorganisms causing neonatal septicemia: in a tertiary care hospital Lahore, Pakistan","volume":"7","author":"HANNAN A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"African Journal of Microbiological Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci10040060","article-title":"Polymicrobial infections in the immunocompromised host: the COVID-19 realm and beyond","volume":"10","author":"HIGGINS E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01250-x","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Antarctica: is it still a pristine environment?","volume":"10","author":"HWENGWERE K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11072027","article-title":"Supplementing garlic Nanohydrogel optimized growth, gastrointestinal integrity and economics and ameliorated necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens using a Clostridium perfringens challenge model","volume":"11","author":"IBRAHIM D.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Environmental parameters and beyond: exploring salts, oils, plant extracts, and honey against COVID-19","volume":"1","author":"KHAN M.A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Kingdom"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czaa065","article-title":"What are the barriers to implementing national antimicrobial resistance action plans? 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