{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:09:08Z","timestamp":1788239348492,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["16898.23-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16898.23-P"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Braz. J. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract The Spirulina maxima algae is a phototrophic, multicellular, filamentous cyanobacteria of greenish blue tones, without ramifications and is characterized mainly by its helical form, thickness of approximately 3 to 12 \u00b5m and length of 500 \u00b5m; its development depends on factors such as temperature, light intensity, pH, aeration speed, carbon dioxide concentration, carbon source, nitrogen source which determine its chemical composition, which is composed of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, and vitamins; due to this, it is widely used in industries such as food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and energy to obtain different products of great value. This S. maxima review addresses morphological characteristics, growth factors, growth methods, and metabolites of biotechnological interest and biotechnological applications for the S. maxima microalgae. A brief review of the enzyme production capacity of S. maxima and other microalgae is also presented, in addition to mentioning some areas of opportunity to study these and the economic viability of implementing a biorefinery with an integrated approach for the production of biomass and metabolites of biotechnological relevance based on the control of growth variables and the productive and economic efficiency of the process is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.287134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T10:52:39Z","timestamp":1738925559000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploring the biotechnological applications of Spirulina maxima: a comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3383-5050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. C.","family":"Jacuinde-Ru\u00edz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico,  M\u00e9xico; Consejo Nacional de Humanidades Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas,  M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2558-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. C.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico,  M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.10.119","article-title":"Preliminary economic assessment of biofuel production from microalgae","volume":"55","author":"ABDO S.M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10080955","article-title":"Emerging applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp.","volume":"10","author":"ABREU A.P.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Cultured microalgae for the food industry: current and potential applications.","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Potential applications of microalgae-derived proteins and peptides in the food industry.","author":"ACQUAH C.","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175144","article-title":"A novel multicopper oxidase (laccase) from cyanobacteria: Purification, characterization with potential in the decolorization of anthraquinonic dye","volume":"12","author":"AFREEN S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736841","article-title":"Nutritional applications of species of Spirulina and Chlorella in farmed fish: a review","volume":"542","author":"ALAGAWANY M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5584","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175584","article-title":"Trends and technological advancements in the possible food applications of Spirulina and their health benefits: a review","volume":"27","author":"ALFADHLY N.K.Z.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020510","article-title":"The recent advances in the utility of microbial lipases: a review","volume":"11","author":"ALI S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11070965","article-title":"Spirulina as animal feed: opportunities and challenges","volume":"11","author":"ALTMANN B.A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Efecto de la composici\u00f3n espectral de luz en la composici\u00f3n bioqu\u00edmica y estandarizaci\u00f3n de procedimientos para el an\u00e1lisis de la expresi\u00f3n g\u00e9nica de Arthrospira (Spirulina maxima).","author":"\u00c1LVAREZ E.G.","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.25163\/microbbioacts.412117B0719110521","article-title":"Bioactive properties of Spirulina: a review","volume":"4","author":"ANVAR A.A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbial Bioactives"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","first-page":"382","article-title":"Phytochemicals screening and antimicrobial properties of Sargassum oligocystum and Sargassum crassifolium Extracts","volume":"5","author":"BALETA F.N.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8120611","article-title":"Microalgae as functional ingredients in savory food products: application to wheat crackers","volume":"8","author":"BATISTA A.P.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref13","article-title":"Anthocyanins, multi-functional natural products of industrial relevance: recent biotechnological advances","volume":"43","author":"BELWAL T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnology Advances"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2010.12.064","article-title":"Renewable biomass production by mixotrophic algae in the presence of various carbon sources and wastewaters","volume":"88","author":"BHATNAGAR A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2022.102700","article-title":"Removal of heavy metals and hydrocarbons by microalgae from wastewater in the steel industry","volume":"64","author":"BLANCO-VIEITES M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Algal Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.29267\/mxjb.2017.2.2.40","article-title":"Domestic wastewater treatment using Chlorella vulgaris in an airlift biorreactor","volume":"2","author":"BORJA-ARAG\u00d3N J.L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mexican Journal of Biotechnology"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Functional properties of bioactive compounds from Spirulina spp.: current status and future trends","volume":"5","author":"BORTOLINI D.G.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2016.04.007","article-title":"Microalgae biorefineries: the Brazilian scenario in perspective","volume":"39","author":"BRASIL B.S.A.F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Biotechnology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2017.04.035","article-title":"Microalgae and cyanobacteria as enzyme biofactories","volume":"25","author":"BRASIL B.S.A.F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Algal Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-017-0121-6","article-title":"Effect of temperature and nitrogen concentration on the growth and lipid content of Spirulina platensis and biodiesel production","volume":"25","author":"CAN S.S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquaculture International"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Industrializaci\u00f3n del alga Spirulina","volume":"10","author":"CARDENAS-NIETO J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reciteia"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11359-y","article-title":"L-asparaginase production review: bioprocess design and biochemical characteristics","volume":"105","author":"CASTRO D.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24979-8","article-title":"Molecular basis of autotrophic vs mixotrophic growth in Chlorella sorokiniana.","volume":"8","author":"CECCHIN M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2019.101710","article-title":"Influence of incorporated Spirulina platensis on the growth of microflora and physicochemical properties of ayran as a functional food","volume":"44","author":"\u00c7ELEKLI A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2671","article-title":"Desaturases: structural and mechanistic insights into the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids","volume":"74","author":"CERONE M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2012-0249","article-title":"Management of oxidative stress by microalgae","volume":"91","author":"CIRULIS J.T.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Chlorella vulgaris, a microalgae important to be used in biotechnology: a review","volume":"42","author":"CORONADO-REYES J.A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Science and Technology"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Operational and economic aspects of Spirulina-based biorefinery","volume":"292","author":"COSTA J.A.V.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2530","article-title":"Purification and characterization of thioredoxin reductase enzyme from commercial Spirulina platensis tablets by affinity chromatography and investigation of the effects of some chemicals and drugs on enzyme activity","volume":"7","author":"DAGSUYU E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2023.106417","article-title":"Purification of thioredoxin reductase from Spirulina platensis by affinity chromatography and investigation of kinetic properties","volume":"216","author":"DAGSUYU E.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Protein Expression and Purification"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref31","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of dermocosmetic formulations containing Spirulina extract on young and mature skin: effects on the skin hydrolipidic barrier and structural properties","volume":"4","author":"DELSIN S.D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.29267\/mxjb.2017.2.2.74","article-title":"Enzymes of industrial interest","volume":"2","author":"DEMAIN A.L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mexican Journal of Biotechnology"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcatb.2009.09.011","article-title":"Purification and characterization of lipase from Spirulina platensis","volume":"64","author":"DEMIR B.S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Catalysis. B, Enzymatic"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","article-title":"Optimization of growth conditions for purification and production of L-asparaginase by Spirulina maxima","volume":"2016","author":"EL-BAKY H.H.A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2020.1789842","article-title":"Role of microalgal ligninolytic enzymes in industrial dye decolorization","volume":"23","author":"ELLATIF S.A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Phytoremediation"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.102","article-title":"Extracellular neutral protease from Arthrospira platensis: production, optimization and partial characterization","volume":"167","author":"ELLEUCH J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040592","article-title":"Exploring the benefits of phycocyanin: from Spirulina cultivation to its widespread applications","volume":"16","author":"FERNANDES R.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"A novel two-phase bioprocess for the production of Arthrospira (Spirulina maxima LJGR1) at pilot plant scale during different seasons and for phycocyanin induction under controlled conditions","volume":"298","author":"GARC\u00cdA-L\u00d3PEZ D.A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"1339","article-title":"Fisheries wastewater as a sustainable media for the production of algae-based products","volume":"76","author":"GARCIA-MARTINEZ J.B.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Transactions"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125125","article-title":"Algal proteins: production strategies and nutritional and functional properties","volume":"332","author":"GEADA P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030845","article-title":"Application of Arthrospira platensis for medicinal purposes and the food industry: a review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"GENTSCHEVA G.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2021.100871","article-title":"Combustion of pelletized freshwater macroalgae and pine blends using a fixed bed reactor","volume":"16","author":"GESSLER B.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology Reports"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6756","DOI":"10.3390\/app11156756","article-title":"Arthrospira platensis as a feasible feedstock for bioethanol production","volume":"11","author":"GONZALEZ BAUTISTA E.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1919482","article-title":"Consumer-oriented product development: the conceptualization of novel food products based on Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and resulting consumer expectations","volume":"2018","author":"GRAHL S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Food Quality"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4109","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b08251","article-title":"The true value of Spirulina.","volume":"68","author":"GROSSHAGAUER S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Effects of honey enrichment with Spirulina platensis on phenolics, bioaccessibility, antioxidant capacity and fatty acids","volume":"153","author":"GULDAS M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft + Technologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/22311866.2014.983973","article-title":"Determination of superoxide dismutase activities in different Cyanobacteria for scavenging of reactive oxygen species","volume":"5","author":"GUNES S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref48","first-page":"34","article-title":"Nutritional and toxicological aspects of Spirulina (Arthrospira)","volume":"32","author":"GUTI\u00c9RREZ-SALME\u00c1N G.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrici\u00f3n Hospitalaria"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"Recycling nutrients from soy sauce wastewater to culture value-added Spirulina maxima.","volume":"53","author":"HAN P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Algal Research"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nutritional, sustainable source of aqua feed and food from microalgae: A mini review","volume":"14","author":"HAOUJAR I.","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Aquatic Research."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2016.01.003","article-title":"Role of pH on antioxidants production by Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis.","volume":"47","author":"ISMAIEL M.M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Microbiology"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"357","article-title":"Increase in methane production through the application of combined pretreatments on water hyacinth waste","volume":"16","author":"JACUINDE J.C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioEnergy Research"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.01.149","article-title":"Outdoor pilot-scale cultivation of Spirulina sp. LEB-18 in different geographic locations for evaluating its growth and chemical composition","volume":"256","author":"JESUS C.S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4138","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27890","article-title":"Ultrahigh-cell-density heterotrophic cultivation of the unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana for biomass production","volume":"118","author":"JIN H.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering"},{"issue":"80","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-023-03471-1","article-title":"Microbial phytases: properties and applications in the food industry","volume":"374","author":"JOUDAKI H.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Microbiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27480","article-title":"Biomass and pigment production for Arthrospira platensis via semi-continuous cultivation in photobioreactors: temperature effects","volume":"117","author":"KAREMORE A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2020.101800","article-title":"Health promoting functional lipids from microalgae pool: a review","volume":"46","author":"KATIYAR R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Algal Research"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.11.116","article-title":"Using life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis in a real options framework to inform the design of algal biofuel production facilities","volume":"225","author":"KERN J.D.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2313","article-title":"Laccase: various types and applications","volume":"69","author":"KHATAMI S.H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nexus.2022.100070","article-title":"Antioxidant and phytonutrient activities of Spirulina platensis.","volume":"6","author":"KUMAR A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Nexus"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109356","article-title":"Spirulina for the food and functional food industries","volume":"137","author":"LAFARGA T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Research International"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.07.018","article-title":"Industrial production of Spirulina as a protein source for bioactive peptide generation","volume":"116","author":"LAFARGA T.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends in Food Science & Technology"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"Towards protein production and application by using Chlorella species as circular economy","volume":"289","author":"LAI Y.C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132012000500014","article-title":"Fresh pasta production enriched with Spirulina platensis biomass","volume":"55","author":"LEMES A.C.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref65","article-title":"Comparison of heterotrophic and mixotrophic Chlorella pyrenoidosa cultivation for the growth and lipid accumulation through acetic acid as a carbon source","volume":"10","author":"LI M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.05.046","article-title":"Effect of nitrogen limitation on biochemical composition and photosynthetic performance for fed-batch mixotrophic cultivation of microalga Spirulina platensis.","volume":"263","author":"LI X.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012498515734","article-title":"Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira). Physiology, Cell Biology and Biotechnology","volume":"38","author":"LUKAVSK\u00dd J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref68","series-title":"Utilization of Spirulina powder for enrichment of ice cream and yoghurt.","author":"MALIK P.","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116152","article-title":"Experimental assessment and mathematical modelling of the growth of Chlorella vulgaris under photoautotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions","volume":"184","author":"MANHAEGHE D.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.3390\/app9214703","article-title":"Effect of glycerol concentration and light intensity on growth and biochemical composition of Arthrospira (Spirulina platensis): A study in semi-continuous mode with non-aseptic conditions","volume":"9","author":"MARKOU G.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO00409E","article-title":"Microalgae as healthy ingredients for functional food: a review","volume":"8","author":"MATOS J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food & Function"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2019.07.006","article-title":"Automation of pilot-scale open raceway pond: a case study of CO2-fed pH control on Spirulina biomass, protein and phycocyanin production","volume":"33","author":"MEHAR J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of CO2 Utilization"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-019-4334-3","article-title":"Nitrate removal from groundwater using immobilized heterotrophic algae","volume":"231","author":"MOLLAMOHAMMADA S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2004.04.001","article-title":"Copper-induced changes of non-protein thiols and antioxidant enzymes in the marine microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum.","volume":"167","author":"MORELLI E.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Science"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"410","article-title":"Effects of incorporation Spirulina platensis powder in wheat flour on chemical, microbial and sensory properties of pasta","volume":"19","author":"MOSTOLIZADEH S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science"},{"issue":"3-5","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008154231462","article-title":"Peroxidases from marine microalgae","volume":"12","author":"MURPHY C.D.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Phycology"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2023.02.001","article-title":"Spirulina application in food packaging: gaps of knowledge and future trends","volume":"133","author":"NAKAMOTO M.M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends in Food Science & Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2018v10i6.26334","article-title":"Formulation and development of topical anti acne formulation of Spirulina extract","volume":"10","author":"NIHAL B.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2020.101959","article-title":"The cosmetic application of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites","volume":"49","author":"NOWRUZI B.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Algal Research"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2024.103610","article-title":"Microalgae and cyanobacteria as natural sources of antioxidant enzymes and enzyme inhibitors for Alzheimer\u2019s and diabetes","volume":"82","author":"ODENTHAL K.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Algal Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2016.1210632","article-title":"Functional properties and health benefits of bioactive peptides derived from Spirulina: a review","volume":"34","author":"OVANDO C.A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Reviews International"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23082065","article-title":"Two classes of pigments, carotenoids and C-phycocyanin, in Spirulina powder and their antioxidant activities","volume":"23","author":"PARK W.S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20040970","article-title":"Identification of two novel microalgal enzymes involved in the conversion of the \u03c93-fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, into docosahexaenoic acid","volume":"384","author":"PEREIRA S.L.","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110314","article-title":"Phycocyanin from Spirulina: a review of extraction methods and stability","volume":"143","author":"PEZ JAESCHKE D.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Research International"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2016.04.022","article-title":"Conceptual design of sustainable integrated microalgae biorefineries: parametric analysis of energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and techno-economics","volume":"17","author":"POSADA J.A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Algal Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref86","first-page":"1266","article-title":"Optimization of freshwater microalgae, Arthrospira sp. (Spirulina) for high starch production","volume":"25","author":"PUSPANADAN S","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Food Research Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12439","article-title":"A review on Spirulina: alternative media for cultivation and nutritive value as an aquafeed","volume":"12","author":"RAGAZA J.A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reviews in Aquaculture"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref88","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spirulina for skin care: a bright blue future","volume":"8","author":"RAGUSA I.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cosmetics"},{"issue":"38","key":"ref89","first-page":"12","article-title":"Utilization of anaerobically digested dairy manure wastewater for Spirulina maxima cultivation","volume":"10","author":"RAHMAN D.Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conference Series: Earth Environmental Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref90","first-page":"67","article-title":"Effect of modified Zarrouk\u2019s medium on growth of different Spirulina strains","volume":"13","author":"RAJASEKARAN C.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Walailak Journal of Agriculture Technology and Biological Sciences"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.12.053","article-title":"Use of microalgae residues for biogas production","volume":"242","author":"RAMOS-SU\u00c1REZ J.L.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26041142","article-title":"Microorganisms: a potential source of bioactive molecules for antioxidant applications","volume":"26","author":"RANI A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref93","article-title":"A review on co-culturing of microalgae: a greener strategy towards sustainable biofuels production","volume":"802","author":"RAY A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.11.047","article-title":"Production and purification of amylolytic enzymes for saccharification of microalgal biomass","volume":"225","author":"RODRIGUES \u00c9.F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.05.076","article-title":"Environmental analysis of Spirulina cultivation and biogas production using experimental and simulation approach","volume":"129","author":"RODR\u00cdGUEZ R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renewable Energy"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2018.04.004","article-title":"A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health","volume":"70","author":"RODRIGUEZ-CONCEPCION M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Progress in Lipid Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.15446\/rev.colomb.biote.v19n1.59671","article-title":"Production of pigments from Arthrospira maxima cultivated in photobioreactors","volume":"19","author":"ROMERO L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista Colombiana de Biotecnologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26071844","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase administration: a review of proposed human uses","volume":"26","author":"ROSA A.C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10930-023-10169-7","article-title":"Biochemical characterization of laccase from Spirulina CPCC-695 and their role in estrone degradation","volume":"43","author":"SAMI N.","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Protein Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref100","first-page":"7","article-title":"Spirulina (Arthrospira): an edible microorganism: a review","volume":"8","author":"S\u00c1NCHEZ M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Universitas Scientiarum"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010061","article-title":"Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase is an analogue of homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase in Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain UFB2.","volume":"20","author":"SETLHARE B.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.21608\/jfds.2014.53033","article-title":"Nutritional value of Spirulina and its use in the preparation of some complementary baby food formulas","volume":"5","author":"SHAROBA A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23051152","article-title":"Fast profiling of natural pigments in different Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) dietary supplements by DI-FT-ICR and evaluation of their antioxidant potential by pre-column DPPH-UHPLC assay","volume":"23","author":"SOMMELLA E.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2017.09.010","article-title":"Spirulina - from growth to nutritional product: a review","volume":"69","author":"SONI R.A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Food Science & Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.12720\/jomb.2.4.266-269","article-title":"Effects of different initial pH of modified Zarrok medium on large-scale Spirulina maxima culture","volume":"2","author":"SORNCHAI P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Medical and Bioengineering"},{"key":"ref106","series-title":"Handbook of microalgae-based processes and products.","first-page":"687","volume-title":"Microalgae as enzymes biofactories.","author":"SPIER M.R.","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref107","series-title":"Handbook of microalgae-based processes and products.","volume-title":"Microalgae as enzymes biofactories.","author":"SPIERA M.R.","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2021.12.003","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase for CO2 capture, conversion and utilization","volume":"74","author":"TALEKAR S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Biotechnology"},{"key":"ref109","article-title":"Examination of indigenous microalgal species for maximal protein synthesis","volume":"154","author":"TAN C.H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochemical Engineering Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-020-02334-w","article-title":"Enzymatic pathway involved in the degradation of fluoranthene by microalgae Chlorella vulgaris.","volume":"30","author":"TOMAR R.S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref111","series-title":"FoodData Central","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.29267\/mxjb.2023.8.4.68","article-title":"Nitrogen and phosphorus removal coupled to CO2 fixation by two green microalgae, Chlorella sp. and Quadrigula sp., native to the coast of Chiapas, Mexico","volume":"8","author":"VEL\u00c1ZQUEZ-S\u00c1NCHEZ I.G.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mexican Journal of Biotechnology"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3390\/md17080459","article-title":"Microalgal enzymes with biotechnological applications","volume":"17","author":"VINGIANI G.M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Marine Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01523-7","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the family of very-long-chain fatty acid elongases: structure, function, and implications in physiology and pathology","volume":"28","author":"WANG X.","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Medical Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1021\/ie301932v","article-title":"Simultaneous carbon capture, biomass production, and diary wastewater purification by Spirulina maxima photobioreaction","volume":"52","author":"WEI-TUNG C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.03.102","article-title":"Comprehensive techno-economic analysis of wastewater-based algal biofuel production: a case study","volume":"211","author":"XIN C.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-004-4115-9","article-title":"An arginine specific protease from Spirulina platensis.","volume":"7","author":"YADA E.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Marine Biotechnology"},{"key":"ref118","series-title":"Biocatalysis.","volume-title":"Oxidoreductases: overview and practical applications.","author":"YOUNUS H.","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-020-10133-8","article-title":"Cellular stress conditions as a strategy to increase carbohydrate productivity in Spirulina platensis.","volume":"13","author":"ZAPAROLI M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioEnergy Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9070169","article-title":"Comparison of the photoautotrophic growth regimens of Chlorella sorokiniana in a photobioreactor for enhanced biomass productivity","volume":"9","author":"ZIGANSHINA E.E.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biology"}],"container-title":["Brazilian Journal of Biology"],"original-title":["Explorando as aplica\u00e7\u00f5es biotecnol\u00f3gicas da Spirulina maxima: uma revis\u00e3o abrangente"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S1519-69842024000100706&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T10:53:18Z","timestamp":1738925598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-69842024000100706&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":120,"alternative-id":["S1519-69842024000100706"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1519-6984.287134","relation":{},"ISSN":["1678-4375","1519-6984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1678-4375","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1519-6984","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"article-number":"e287134"}}