{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T03:41:03Z","timestamp":1770694863433,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Braz. J. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract The Candida albicans species is part of the human microbiota and is associated with different types of infections. It is the most commonly isolated yeast in samples of oral cavity infections. The number of infections attributed to the Candida genus has grown significantly on a global scale and due to the rigorous and improper use of current antimicrobials, antimicrobial resistance has also increased. Pogostemon cablin Benth., popularly known as patchouli, is a medicinal herb of great relevance, with several pharmacological properties reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal potential of P. cablin essential oil against 11 oral isolates of Candida albicans and a standard strain (ATCC90028). The chemical characterization of P.cablin was carried out using Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) and 19 molecules were identified, including patchouli alcohol (15.11%), \u0394-Guaiene (9.85%), \u03b1-Guaiene (8.06%) and \u03b1-Patchoulene (5.03%). The antifungal activity was analyzed using the microdilution technique to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). The mechanism of action of the possible antifungal activity of the phytocomplex in question was analyzed using the sorbitol and ergosterol assays. In addition, some virulence factors were also investigated, such as biofilm formation capacity and morphogenesis. P. cablin showed MIC and MFC values between 2 and 128 \u00b5g\/mL for the strains tested. The results suggest that this activity occurs through the complexation of the oil's constituents with the ergosterol of the fungal membrane. The essential oil slightly reduced the Morphology Index (MI) of the strains tested. For the most filamentous strain, there was a significant decrease in filament length, from 285.0 \u00b5m to 220.5 \u00b5m. In the formation of biofilms, the essential oil showed a reduction of 26% to 59% at concentrations of 4 to 40 \u00b5g\/mL and in the reduction of biofilms formed, the values ranged from 49% to 68%. The essential oil of P. cablin showed a complex chemical composition and significant activity on C. albicans, which was considered fungicidal for most of the strains tested. It is suggested that this antifungal action is due to the complexation of the essential oil with the ergosterol of the fungal plasma membrane. In addition, P. cablin acted on the formation and reduction of biofilm and also exerted an influence on the morphogenesis of Candida albicans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.293258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T10:28:49Z","timestamp":1770632929000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antifungal and anti-biofilm activity of patchouli essential oil (Pogostemon cablin) against oral isolates of Candida albicans"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3030-9901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. A.","family":"Alencar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5693-9453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. D. G.","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5073-7033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. A.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9479-1733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. O.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7425-3201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. L.","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7466-9933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. A.","family":"Oliveira Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Campina Grande,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2057-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. Q. S.","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0639-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. P. 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C.","family":"Castellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Komposisi kimia dan sifat antibakteri minyak nilam (Pogostemon cablin) (Chemical composition and antibacterial properties of the essential oil of Pogostemon cablin)","volume":"19","author":"AISYAH Y.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Maj Farm Indones"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6653311","article-title":"Breakpoints for the classification of anti-Candida compounds in antifungal screening","volume":"2021","author":"ALVES D.N.","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"29640","article-title":"Determina\u00e7\u00e3o da a\u00e7\u00e3o antif\u00fangica do \u00f3leo de Pogostemon cablin (Lamiaceae) em combate a cepas de Candida krusei","volume":"9","author":"ALVES M.S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Developmental Research"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2022.838639","article-title":"Oral fungal infections: past, present, and future","volume":"3","author":"CANNON R.D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Oral Health"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.2665","article-title":"Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography\/mass spectrometric analysis of pepper volatiles","volume":"20","author":"CARDEAL Z.L.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : RCM"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"51","article-title":"Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Pogostemon cablin (Lamiaceae) against Candida tropicalis strains","volume":"13","author":"CAVALCANTE J.N.M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Candida albicans GRX2, encoding a putative glutaredoxin, is required for virulence in a murine model","volume":"6","author":"CHAVES G.M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genetics and Molecular Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070859","article-title":"From Jekyll to Hyde: the yeast\u2013hyphal transition of Candida albicans.","volume":"10","author":"CHOW E.W.L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts; approved standard.","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bioprospecting of the antifungal activity of patchouli essential oil (Pogostemon cablin Benth) against strains of the genus Candida.","volume":"17","author":"CUNHA S.M.D.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Plants Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","article-title":"Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth","volume":"2017","author":"DECHAYONT B.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Botany"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1021\/np070660i","article-title":"Evidence for the mechanism of action of the antifungal phytolaccoside B isolated from Phytolacca tetramera Hauman","volume":"71","author":"ESCALANTE A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Products"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of PLA membranes loaded with pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) essential oil applied in simulated cream cheese packaging","author":"FONTES M.R.V.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Research Square"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099086","article-title":"Coriandrum sativum L. 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