{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T09:08:20Z","timestamp":1758359300537,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."],"abstract":"<jats:p>SUMMARY  OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vaginal progesterone used to prevent spontaneous preterm birth in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus.  METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study that investigated pregnant women aged 18\u201339 years. The study participants underwent a 2-h, 75-g oral glucose tolerance test at 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. A total of 3,066 patients met the inclusion criteria, and 418 were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus based on at least one abnormal plasma glucose value during screening. The remaining 2,648 patients, who had normal plasma glucose levels, were classified as the control group. The two groups were compared based on various factors, including age, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, smoking status, gestational age, and use of vaginal progesterone.  RESULTS: The use of vaginal progesterone was statistically significant at a higher rate in the gestational diabetes mellitus group compared to the control group (22.0 vs. 16.0%; p=0.002). The mean duration of vaginal progesterone use was 53.4\u00b114.6 days (ranging from 28 to 90 days), and this duration was statistically significantly longer in the gestational diabetes mellitus group (59.9\u00b114.8 vs. 52.0\u00b114.2; p&lt;0.001).  CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the use of vaginal progesterone may increase the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, and the risk appears to rise with the duration of progesterone use. It is important to consider that patients on prolonged vaginal progesterone, particularly those started early in pregnancy, may be at increased risk of diabetes. Therefore, it may be advisable to repeat the oral glucose tolerance test performed at 24\u201328 weeks in the following weeks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20250444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T15:03:55Z","timestamp":1758294235000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Is the use of vaginal progesterone a factor in pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus?"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1538-6965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u015fe Rabia","family":"Kanbak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay University,  Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4213-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deniz Can","family":"\u00d6ztekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay University,  Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.11.003","article-title":"Global estimates of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy","volume":"103","author":"Guariguata L","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1641","article-title":"Frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus at collaborating centers based on IADPSG consensus panel-recommended criteria: the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study","volume":"35","author":"Sacks DA","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1256s","article-title":"Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in pregnancy: normal compared with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"71","author":"Butte NF","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","first-page":"4","article-title":"Gestational diabetes: detection, management, and implications","volume":"16","author":"Carr DB","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3342","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113342","article-title":"The pathophysiology of gestational Diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Plows JF","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13195","article-title":"Global burden of preterm birth","volume":"150","author":"Walani SR","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318184181a","article-title":"Estimating recurrence of spontaneous preterm delivery","volume":"112","author":"Esplin MS","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12786","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for recurrent spontaneous preterm birth: a retrospective cohort study in Japan","volume":"41","author":"Yamashita M","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.11.025","article-title":"Can shortened midtrimester cervical length predict very early spontaneous preterm birth?","volume":"191","author":"Owen J","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0600-x","article-title":"Evaluating progestogens for prevention of preterm birth international collaborative (EPPPIC) individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis: protocol","volume":"6","author":"Stewart LA","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004479","article-title":"Prediction and prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: ACOG practice bulletin, number 234","volume":"138","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.05.033","article-title":"Progestogens for the prevention of preterm birth and risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis","volume":"221","author":"Pergialiotis V","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.09.011","article-title":"Vaginal progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth and the risk of gestational diabetes","volume":"230","author":"Zipori Y","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-018-4895-1","article-title":"Is vaginal progesterone treatment associated with the development of gestational diabetes? A retrospective case-control study","volume":"298","author":"Rosta K","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Diabetes Care","first-page":"676","volume-title":"International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Gabbe SG","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.10.012","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy: a World Health Organization guideline","volume":"103","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.21613\/GORM.2018.791","article-title":"An evaluation of the effect of a one or two-step gestational diabetes mellitus screening program on obstetric and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies","volume":"25","author":"Akgol S","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Reprod Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181842087","article-title":"Preterm prediction study: comparison of the cervical score and Bishop score for prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery","volume":"112","author":"Newman RB","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13236","article-title":"The value of oral micronized progesterone in the prevention of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"96","author":"Ashoush S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3400227","article-title":"17-OHPC to prevent recurrent preterm birth in singleton gestations (PROLONG Study): a multicenter, international, randomized double-blind trial","volume":"37","author":"Blackwell SC","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1740010","article-title":"A comparison of vaginal and intramuscular progesterone for the prevention of recurrent preterm birth","volume":"40","author":"Frey HA","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12017","article-title":"Prevention of preterm birth: a randomized trial of vaginal compared with intramuscular progesterone","volume":"92","author":"Maher MA","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"10033","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00350-0","article-title":"Vaginal progesterone prophylaxis for preterm birth (the OPPTIMUM study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial","volume":"387","author":"Norman JE","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"ref24","first-page":"372","article-title":"ACOG Practice Bulletin No.142: cerclage for the management of cervical insufficiency","volume":"123","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.06.036","article-title":"The effect of 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate on the risk of gestational diabetes in singleton or twin pregnancies","volume":"201","author":"Gyamfi C","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1741-6172","article-title":"Early initiation and long-term use of vaginal progesterone may cause gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"226","author":"Oztekin D","year":"2022","journal-title":"Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol"}],"container-title":["Revista da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica Brasileira"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S0104-42302025000800611&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T15:03:59Z","timestamp":1758294239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-42302025000800611&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"alternative-id":["S0104-42302025000800611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1806-9282.20250444","relation":{},"ISSN":["1806-9282","0104-4230"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1806-9282"},{"type":"print","value":"0104-4230"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"e20250444"}}