{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:45:32Z","timestamp":1791805532984,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."],"abstract":"<jats:p>SUMMARY  OBJECTIVE: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with metabolic and neuropeptidergic processes. Gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin B, which are bombesin-like peptides, have been studied only to a limited extent in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, despite their role in energy homeostasis and central nervous system function. The aim of this study was to evaluate gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin B levels in untreated adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder patients and to examine their relationship with clinical symptom severity.  METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 55 untreated adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder patients and 32 healthy controls. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnoses were confirmed using SCID-5\/CV and DIVA 2.0, and symptom severity was assessed using the Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale. Gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin B levels in fasting serum were measured using the ELISA method. Group comparisons, Pearson correlations, hierarchical regression, and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed.  RESULTS: Gastrin-releasing peptide (22.83\u00b124.18 pg\/mL) and neuromedin B (1.83\u00b12.86 pg\/mL) levels were significantly lower in the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder group compared to the control group (p=0.004 and p=0.037, respectively). Gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin B levels were negatively correlated with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale total and subscale scores (p&lt;0.001 for all). In regression analyses, gastrin-releasing peptide was an independent predictor of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale total score (\u03b2=-0.642, p=0.024). In receiver operating characteristic analyses, gastrin-releasing peptide (AUC=0.746) and neuromedin B (AUC=0.719) showed significant performance in distinguishing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.  CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that gastrin-releasing peptide, in particular, may be associated with clinical symptom severity in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and is a potential biomarker candidate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20260659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T10:57:27Z","timestamp":1791802647000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gastrin-releasing peptide, neuromedin B, and symptom severity in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2300-2634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elif \u00d6zcan","family":"Tozo\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Health Sciences","place":["Erzurum, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2033-3692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alev Lazo\u011flu","family":"\u00d6zkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erzurum City Hospital","place":["Erzurum, Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.10.020","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview","volume":"57","author":"Biederman J","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2174\/187152706776359673","article-title":"Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor as a molecular target for psychiatric and neurological disorders","volume":"5","author":"Roesler R","year":"2006","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386933-3.00010-8","article-title":"The 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