{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T22:35:56Z","timestamp":1761863756149},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Summary  Introduction: Cryptorchidism is a common and prevalent condition in patients with Down syndrome. Environmental factors, such as smoking, can be associated with malformations during fetal development. The study of the prevalence of cryptorchidism and its association with parental tobacco use in Down syndrome can contribute to alert health care professionals, patients and family members regarding the prevention of the harms caused by cryptorchidism and its possible predisposing factors.  Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of cryptorchidism in Down syndrome and its association with maternal and paternal smoking.  Method: Forty (40) patients of a public clinic specialized in Down syndrome were evaluated, using a semi-structured questionnaire for evaluation of antecedents and sociodemographic characteristics, as well as physical and complementary examinations.  Results: Cryptorchidism was observed in 27.5% of the patients (95CI 15.98-42.96). Of these, 55% (5\/9) were the children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy, and 19.35% (6\/31) were the children of mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy (OR = 5.26 [95CI 1.06-25.41]; p=0.032). Similarly, paternal smoking was also observed in greater frequency among the parents of cryptorchid patients compared with subjects with descended testis, 63.36% (7\/11) and 31.03% (9\/29), respectively (OR = 3.89 [95CI 0.91-16.73]; p=0.060).  Conclusion: The prevalence of cryptorchidism is high in patients with Down syndrome. We can show a strong association between smoking parents and the occurrence of cryptorchidism, especially when it comes to maternal smoking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.63.08.693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,30]],"date-time":"2017-09-30T23:30:31Z","timestamp":1506814231000},"page":"693-696","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Smoking and its association with cryptorchidism in Down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Adrianne Maria Berno de Rezende","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 de","family":"Bessa J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1via Cristina de Carvalho","family":"Mrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra Helena Cerrato","family":"Tibiri\u00e7\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u00edra Lorenzo de S\u00e1","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Augusto Alves Pinto","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederico Cantarino Cordeiro","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Avarese de","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Murillo de","family":"Bastos-Netto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora,  Brazil; Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas e da Sa\u00fade de Juiz de Fora,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmr022","article-title":"Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: a systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls","volume":"17","author":"Hackshaw A","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","first-page":"337","article-title":"Urological manifestations of Down syndrome: significance and long-term complications - our own patient cohort with an overview","volume":"47","author":"Ebert AK","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urologe A"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e615","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0181","article-title":"Increased prevalence of renal and urinary tract anomalies in children with Down syndrome","volume":"124","author":"Kupferman JC","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201000121","article-title":"Oxidative stress occurs early in Down syndrome pregnancy: A redox proteomics analysis of amniotic fluid","volume":"5","author":"Perluigi M","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proteomics Clin Appl"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8166-3-4","article-title":"On the paternal origin of trisomy 21 Down syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Hult\u00e9n MA","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Cytogenet"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-010-1253-0","article-title":"Clinical practice. The care of children with Down syndrome","volume":"169","author":"Weijerman ME","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2008.214","article-title":"Genotype-phenotype correlations in Down syndrome identified by array CGH in 30 cases of partial trisomy and partial monosomy chromosome 21","volume":"17","author":"Lyle R","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"R1","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R75","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp010","article-title":"Down syndrome: recent progress and future propects","volume":"18","author":"Wiseman FK","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1592416","article-title":"Genetic, maternal, and environmental risk factors for cryptorchidism: an update","volume":"26","author":"Barthold JS","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","first-page":"385","article-title":"Medical problems in children with Down syndrome in the Erzurum area of Turkey","volume":"21","author":"Karaman A","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genet Couns"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e3181b2e34c","article-title":"The 50th anniversary of the discovery of trisomy 21: the past, present, and future of research and treatment of Down syndrome","volume":"11","author":"M\u00e9garban\u00e9 A","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref12","first-page":"476","article-title":"Genetic and environmental contributors to cryptorchidism","volume":"6","author":"Chacko JK","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0b013e3283005869","article-title":"Undescended testis: current theories of etiology","volume":"18","author":"Barthold JS","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4640","DOI":"10.4238\/2012.September.10.1","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of live birth prevalence of children with Down syndrome in Denizli","volume":"11","author":"Acikbas I","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genet Mol Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003051","article-title":"Risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism in a prospective birth cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Damgaard IN","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000254061.90686.9f","article-title":"Cryptorchidism according to maternal gestational smoking","volume":"18","author":"Jensen MS","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2014.02.011","article-title":"Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in individuals with Down syndrome","volume":"10","author":"de Carvalho Mrad FC","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1159\/000179141","article-title":"Gonadal function in trisomy 21","volume":"12","author":"Hasen J","year":"1980","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000112915.69436.91","article-title":"Urological manifestations of Down syndrome","volume":"171","author":"Mercer ES","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep325","article-title":"Alcohol binge drinking during pregnancy and cryptorchidism","volume":"24","author":"Strandberg-Larsen K","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9608","article-title":"Cryptorchidism and maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy","volume":"115","author":"Damgaard IN","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmm027","article-title":"Epidemiology and pathogenesis of cryptorchidism","volume":"14","author":"Virtanen HE","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Manual de Teratog\u00eanese em Humanos","first-page":"383","volume-title":"\u00c1lcool, fumo e outras drogas. Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira de Associa\u00e7\u00f5es de Ginecologia e Obstetr\u00edcia","author":"Spritzer DT","year":"2011"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719115612135","article-title":"Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in pregnancy is associated with earlier delivery and reduced birth weight","volume":"22","author":"Ion RC","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2013.05.005","article-title":"Parental smoking during pregnancy and its association with low birth weight, small for gestational age, and preterm birth offspring: a birth cohort study","volume":"55","author":"Ko TJ","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.972","article-title":"Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects","volume":"16","author":"Skakkebaek NE","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345414","article-title":"Expression of STRBP mRNA in patients with cryptorchidism and Down's syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Salemi M","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12372","article-title":"Prevalence, types and associations of medically unexplained symptoms and signs. A cross-sectional study of 1023 adults with intellectual disabilities","volume":"61","author":"Osugo M","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"}],"container-title":["Revista da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica Brasileira"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/ramb\/v63n8\/0104-4230-ramb-63-08-0693.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,25]],"date-time":"2017-10-25T22:03:20Z","timestamp":1508969000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-42302017000800693&lng=en&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0104-42302017000800693"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1806-9282.63.08.693","relation":{},"ISSN":["0104-4230"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0104-4230","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}}}