{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:52:25Z","timestamp":1749084745224,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."],"abstract":"<jats:p>SUMMARY Halzoun syndrome, also known as nasopharyngeal linguatulosis, is a rare entity that is mostly prevalent in Eastern Mediterranean countries. The consumption of raw ovine liver and lymph nodes infested with Linguatula serrata nymphs remains a major cause of the nasopharyngeal symptoms and discomfort associated with the disease. Halzoun syndrome is a clinical diagnosis based on history and presentation. Treatment of this disease is still debated; however, our experience reveals that alcohol gargle can be a good option. Proper counselling on the hazards of eating raw liver in endemic areas is needed. Moreover, physicians should be aware of the sequence of events in the disease in order not to delay or miss the diagnosis. This communication presents a rare Lebanese case of Halzoun syndrome that offers medical implications in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of the nasopharyngeal symptoms of this syndrome, with a review of the literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.64.12.1081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,15]],"date-time":"2018-12-15T13:23:30Z","timestamp":1544880210000},"page":"1081-1084","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Nasopharyngeal linguatulosis or halzoun syndrome: clinical diagnosis and treatment"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Umayya","family":"Musharraf\u0131eh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"American University of Beirut Medical Center,  Lebanon; American University of Beirut Medical Center,  Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gracia","family":"Hamadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American University of Beirut Medical Center,  Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Touma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American University of Beirut,  Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5368-8764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jawad","family":"Fares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University,  USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"ref1","first-page":"226","article-title":"A field study of halzoun (parasitic pharyngitis) In Lebanon","volume":"68","author":"Schacher JF","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"78","article-title":"Le halzoun","volume":"9","author":"Khouri A","year":"1905","journal-title":"Arch Parasitol"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Pr\u00e9cis de parasitologie","first-page":"572","author":"Brumpt E","year":"1936","edition":"5th ed."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","first-page":"191","article-title":"What is the cause of the parasitic laryngo-pharyngitis in the near East (\u201chalzoun\u201d)?","volume":"3","author":"Witenberg G","year":"1944","journal-title":"Acta Med Orient"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1965.14.736","article-title":"Linguatula serrata in relation to halzoun and the marrara syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Khalil GM","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(69)90131-X","article-title":"The aetiology of halzoun in Lebanon: recovery of Linguatula serrata nymphs from two patients","volume":"63","author":"Schacher JF","year":"1969","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med 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