{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:54:52Z","timestamp":1793199292019,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."],"abstract":"<jats:p>SUMMARY  OBJECTIVE  We aimed to explore the effects of neuropeptides ghrelin, obestatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on seizures and plasma concentrations of neuroinflammation biomarkers including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance-P (SP), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) in pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in rats.  METHODS  Ghrelin (80 \u00b5g\/kg), obestatin (1 \u00b5g\/kg), VIP (25 ng\/kg) or saline were administered to rats intraperitoneally 30 min before pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 50 mg\/kg) injections. Stages of epileptic seizures were evaluated by Racine\u2019s scale, and plasma CGRP, SP, and IL-1\u03b2 concentrations were measured using ELISA.  RESULTS  Both obestatin and VIP shortened onset-time of generalized tonic-clonic seizure, respectively, moreover VIP also shortened the onset-time of first myoclonic-jerk induced by PTZ. While PTZ increased plasma CGRP, SP and IL-1\u03b2 concentrations, ghrelin reduced the increases evoked by PTZ. While VIP further increased PTZ-evoked CGRP levels, it diminished IL-1\u03b2 concentrations. However, obestatin did not change CGRP, SP, and IL-1\u03b2 concentrations.  CONCLUSION  Our results suggest that ghrelin acts as an anticonvulsant, obestatin acts as a proconvulsant, and VIP has dual action on epilepsy. Receptors of those neuropeptides may be promising targets for epilepsy treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.65.9.1188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T17:23:39Z","timestamp":1570814619000},"page":"1188-1192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Modulatory effects of neuropeptides on pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptic seizures and neuroinflammation in rats"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9261-2634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erkan","family":"Kilinc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Abant Izzet Baysal University,  Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3660-8264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Handan","family":"Gunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumhuriyet University,  Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.178","article-title":"The role of inflammation in epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Vezzani A","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03029.x","article-title":"Immune-mediated epilepsies","volume":"52","author":"Granata T","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(96)00184-1","article-title":"TNF-alpha transgenic and knockout models of CNS inflammation and degeneration","volume":"72","author":"Probert L","year":"1997","journal-title":"J 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