{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T06:42:39Z","timestamp":1777099359838,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["An. Bras. Dermatol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20142460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,17]],"date-time":"2014-06-17T00:26:28Z","timestamp":1402964788000},"page":"389-401","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Leprosy: a review of laboratory and therapeutic aspects - Part 2"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Joel Carlos","family":"Last\u00f3ria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista J\u00falio de Mesquita Filho, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marilda Aparecida Milanez Morgado de","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2003.11.072","article-title":"An update on the diagnosis and treatment of leprosy","volume":"51","author":"Moschella SL","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-008-0857-y","article-title":"Leprosy: diagnostic and control challenges for a worldwide disease","volume":"300","author":"Goulart IM","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70006-8","article-title":"Leprosy now: epidemiology, progress, challenges, and research gaps","volume":"11","author":"Rodrigues LC","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"The immunological skin tests in leprosy. Part II. The isolated protein antigen in relation to the classical Matsuda reaction and the early reaction to lepromin. 1942","volume":"136","author":"Dharmendra, Loew J","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.77.1.5","article-title":"The mouse foot-pad technique for cultivation of Mycobacterium leprae","volume":"77","author":"Levy L","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.010215","article-title":"The armadillo: a model for the neuropathy of leprosy and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"6","author":"Sharma R","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45700-0","article-title":"Application of a viability-staining method for Mycobacterium leprae derived from the athymic (nu\/nu) mouse foot pad","volume":"54","author":"Lahiri R","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0780","article-title":"Limited susceptibility of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) to leprosy after experimental administration of Mycobacterium leprae","volume":"87","author":"Walsh GP","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.80.2.120","article-title":"The contemporary relevance of the mouse foot pad model for cultivating M. leprae","volume":"80","author":"Katoch VM","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"117","article-title":"Subs\u00eddios ao diagn\u00f3stico bacteriol\u00f3gico da hansen\u00edase","volume":"66","author":"Miranda RN","year":"1991","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Guia de procedimentos t\u00e9cnicos: baciloscopia em hansen\u00edase","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"78","article-title":"A method for counting acid-fast bacteria","volume":"36","author":"Shepard CC","year":"1968","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"255","article-title":"Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system","volume":"34","author":"Ridley DS","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962008000100010","article-title":"Leprosy type 1 reactions and erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"83","author":"Kahawita IP","year":"2008","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"382","article-title":"Evidence for species-specific lipid antigens in Mycobacterium leprae","volume":"48","author":"Brennan PJ","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"220","article-title":"Serological activity of purified glycolipid from Mycobacterium leprae","volume":"50","author":"Payne SN","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.43.1.245-252.1984","article-title":"Chemical synthesis and serology of disaccharides and trisaccharides of phenolic glycolipid antigens from the leprosy bacillus and preparation of a disaccharide protein conjugate for serodiagnosis of leprosy","volume":"43","author":"Fujiwara T","year":"1984","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.1991-1995.2003","article-title":"Simple and fast lateral flow test for classification of leprosy patients and Identification of contacts with high risk of developing leprosy","volume":"41","author":"B\u00fchrer-S\u00e9kula S","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"425","article-title":"Estudo do antiPGL-1 em pacientes hansenianos utilizando t\u00e9cnica de ultramicroelisa","volume":"77","author":"Ananias MTP","year":"2002","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"745","article-title":"Detec\u00e7\u00e3o de anticorpos espec\u00edficos para ant\u00edgeno glicolip\u00edde fen\u00f3lico -1 do M. Leprae (anti PGL-1IgM): aplica\u00e7\u00f5es e limita\u00e7\u00f5es","volume":"75","author":"Barro RPC","year":"2000","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"115","article-title":"Serology of leprosy","volume":"46","author":"Klatser PR","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65435-1","article-title":"Immunohistological analysis of in situ expression of mycobacterial antigens in skin lesions of leprosy patients across the histopathological spectrum. Association of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and Mycobacterium leprae phenolic glycolipid-I (PGL-I) with leprosy reactions","volume":"154","author":"Verhagen C","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"21","article-title":"Follow-up of multibacillary leprosy patients using phenolic glycolipid-I based ELISA. Do increasing ELISA-values after discontinuation of treatment indicate relapse?","volume":"63","author":"Chin-a-Lien RA","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"365","article-title":"Imunopatologia da hansen\u00edase: a complexidade dos mecanismos da resposta imune do hospedeiro ao Mycobacterium leprae","volume":"35","author":"Goulart IMB","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91232-J","article-title":"Risk factors for type-1 reactions in borderline leprosy patients","volume":"338","author":"Roche PW","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962011000100012","article-title":"Uso do teste ML-Flow como auxiliar na classifica\u00e7\u00e3o e tratamento da hansen\u00edase","volume":"86","author":"Contin LA","year":"2011","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"503","article-title":"Sequential monitoring of leprosy patients with serum antibody levels to phenolic glycolipid-I, a synthetic analog of phenolic glycolipid-I, and mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan","volume":"58","author":"Meeker HC","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"S78A","article-title":"Risk of development of leprosy among Culion contacts","volume":"66","author":"Cunanan A","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822008000700004","article-title":"Sorologia da hansen\u00edase utilizando PGL-I: revis\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica","volume":"41","author":"Moura RS","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762011000500003","article-title":"Early detection of leprosy by examination of household contacts, determination of serum anti-PGL-1 antibodies and consanguinity","volume":"106","author":"Bazan-Furini R","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.11.5.897-900.2004","article-title":"Prospective study of serological conversion as a risk factor for development of leprosy among household contacts","volume":"11","author":"Douglas JT","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"243","article-title":"Seroepidemiological studies of leprosy in northern Malawi based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using synthetic glycoconjugate antigen","volume":"56","author":"Fine PE","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762008000400003","article-title":"Survey to identify Mycobacterium leprae-infected household contacts of patients from prevalent regions of leprosy in Colombia","volume":"103","author":"Cardona-Castro N","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000900019","article-title":"Comparison of two rapid tests for anti-phenolic glycolipid-I serology in Brazil and Nepal","volume":"107","author":"Stefani MM","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.175-182.2006","article-title":"Antigen discovery: a postgenomic approach to leprosy diagnosis","volume":"74","author":"Ar\u00e1oz R","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.13.3.333-340.2006","article-title":"ML0405 and ML2331 are antigens of Mycobacterium leprae with potential for diagnosis of leprosy","volume":"13","author":"Reece ST","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00299-07","article-title":"Use of protein antigens for early serological diagnosis of leprosy","volume":"14","author":"Duthie MS","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.04.002","article-title":"Towards an immunodiagnostic test for leprosy","volume":"8","author":"Ar\u00e1oz R","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000900015","article-title":"Serologic follow-up of IgG responses against recombinant mycobacterial proteins ML0405, ML2331 and LID-1 in a leprosy hyperendemic area in Venezuela","volume":"107","author":"Rada E","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822008000700018","article-title":"Desafios na era p\u00f3s gen\u00f4mica para o desenvolvimento de testes laboratoriais para o diagn\u00f3stico da hansen\u00edase","volume":"41","author":"Stefani MMA","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Demonstration of mycobacterial antigens in leprosy tissues","volume":"50","author":"Mshana RN","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(83)90039-9","article-title":"Demonstration of mycobacterial antigens in nerve biopsies from leprosy patients using peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunoenzyme technique","volume":"29","author":"Mshana RN","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"258","article-title":"Demonstration of Mycobacterium lepraespecific antigens in leprosy lesions using monoclonal antibodies","volume":"57","author":"Narayanan RB","year":"1985","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"652","article-title":"Identification of Mycobacterium lepraeantigens in tissues of leprosy patients using monoclonal antibodies","volume":"57","author":"Khanolkar SR","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"125","article-title":"Demonstration of PGL I antigens in skin biopsies in indeterminate leprosy patients: comparison with serological anti PGL I levels","volume":"7","author":"Huerre M","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Leprol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2478(90)90045-R","article-title":"In situ demonstration of Mycobacterium leprae antigens in leprosy lesions using monoclonal antibodies","volume":"24","author":"Narayanan RB","year":"1990","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(11)80425-5","article-title":"Demonstration of mycobacterial antigens in skin biopsies from suspected leprosy cases in the absence of bacilli","volume":"190","author":"Barbosa J\u00fanior Ade A","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"93","article-title":"Histology and immuno-histology of lesions clinically suspicious of leprosy","volume":"11","author":"Natrajan M","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Leprol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651995000100002","article-title":"Pattern of mycobacterial antigen detection in leprosy","volume":"37","author":"Pagliari C","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12876264","article-title":"Anti-Mycobacterium leprae monoclonal antibodies cross-react with human skin: an alternative explanation for the immune responses in leprosy","volume":"94","author":"Naafs B","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.5025\/hansen1977.61.165","article-title":"Demonstration of PGL-I & LAM-B antigens in paraffin sections of leprosy skin lesions","volume":"61","author":"Wang T","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nihon Rai Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"272","article-title":"Immunohistochemical detection of PGL-1, LAM, 30 kD and 65 kD antigens in leprosy infected paraffin preserved skin and nerve sections","volume":"70","author":"Van den Bos IC","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"12","article-title":"Indeterminate leprosy: histopathologic and histochemical predictive parameters involved in its possible change to paucibacillary or multibacillary leprosy","volume":"59","author":"Takahashi MD","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"335","article-title":"Enhancement in the histological diagnosis of leprosy in patients with only sensory loss by demonstration of mycobacterial antigens using anti-BCG polyclonal antibodies","volume":"69","author":"Schettini AP","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"338","article-title":"S-100 protein and immunoperoxidase technique as an aid in the histopathologic diagnosis of leprosy","volume":"55","author":"Fleury RN","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"263","article-title":"An evaluation of the S-100 stain in the histological diagnosis of tuberculoid leprosy and other granulomatous dermatoses","volume":"62","author":"Singh N","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"29","article-title":"O papel da prote\u00edna S-100 no diagn\u00f3stico imunohistoqu\u00edmico da forma tubercul\u00f3ide da hansen\u00edase","volume":"68","author":"Mello ES","year":"1993","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"2357","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Mycobacterium leprae","volume":"135","author":"Hartskeerl RA","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03678.x","article-title":"A rapid method for the detection of potentially viable Mycobacterium leprae in human biopsies: a novel application of PCR","volume":"53","author":"Woods SA","year":"1989","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962008000300002","article-title":"Biologia molecular aplicada \u00e0s dermatoses tropicais","volume":"83","author":"Roselino AM","year":"2008","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962007000300006","article-title":"Pesquisa de Mycobacterium leprae em bi\u00f3psias de mucosa oral por meio da rea\u00e7\u00e3o em cadeia da polimerase","volume":"82","author":"Santos GG","year":"2007","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"461","article-title":"Role of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of early leprosy","volume":"65","author":"Job CK","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.1.45-49.1995","article-title":"Detection of Mycobacterium lepraeinfection by PCR","volume":"33","author":"Wichitwechkarn J","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20465","article-title":"Pure neural leprosy: diagnostic value of the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"33","author":"Bezerra da Cunha FM","year":"2006","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2005.01.002","article-title":"Detection of Mycobacterium leprae in nasal mucosa biopsies by the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"44","author":"Patroc\u00ednio LG","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.007252-0","article-title":"Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of Mycobacterium leprae DNA and mRNA in human biopsy material from leprosy and reactional cases","volume":"58","author":"Lini N","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1489\/0020-7349(2004)72<269:AATUTT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An approach to understanding the transmission of Mycobacterium leprae using molecular and immunological methods: results from the MILEP2 study","volume":"72","author":"Smith WC","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2009.00637.x","article-title":"Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction-based detection of Mycobacterium leprae for the diagnosis of leprosy","volume":"36","author":"Bang PD","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"651","article-title":"Comparison between microsatellites and Ml MntH gene as targets to identify Mycobacterium leprae by PCR in leprosy","volume":"86","author":"Cruz AF","year":"2011","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-71672008000700013","article-title":"Detecc\u00e7\u00e3o do DNA de Mycobacterium leprae em secre\u00e7\u00e3o nasal","volume":"61","author":"Pontes ARB","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Bras Enferm"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03453.x","article-title":"Oral mucosa as a source of Mycobacterium leprae infection and transmission, and implications of bacterial DNA detection and the immunological status","volume":"17","author":"Martinez TS","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12190","article-title":"Mycobacterium leprae is identified in the oral mucosa from paucibacillary and multibacillary leprosy patients","volume":"20","author":"Morgado de Abreu MA","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"200","article-title":"Detection of Mycobacterium leprae DNA for 36kDa protein in urine from leprosy patients: a preliminary report","volume":"46","author":"Parkash O","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-46-2-170","article-title":"Use of the polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of leprosy","volume":"46","author":"Santos AR","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762004000500009","article-title":"Detection of Mycobacterium leprae DNA by polymerase chain reaction in the blood and nasal secretion of Brazilian household contacts","volume":"99","author":"Almeida EC","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-007-0758-5","article-title":"Detection of Mycobacterium leprae DNA in skin lesions of leprosy patients by PCR may be affected by amplicon size","volume":"299","author":"Goulart IM","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.28.9.1913-1917.1990","article-title":"Rapid and sensitive detection of Mycobacterium leprae using a nested-primer gene amplification assay","volume":"28","author":"Plikaytis BB","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02250-05","article-title":"Evaluation of real-time and conventional PCR targeting complex 85 genes for detection of Mycobacterium leprae DNA in skin biopsy samples from patients diagnosed with leprosy","volume":"44","author":"Martinez AN","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00472.x","article-title":"LightCycler real-time PCR for rapid detection and quantitation of Mycobacterium leprae in skin specimens","volume":"54","author":"Rudeeaneksin J","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2006.00152.x","article-title":"A simplified reverse transcriptase PCR for rapid detection of Mycobacterium leprae in skin specimens","volume":"48","author":"Phetsuksiri B","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"30","article-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o por imagem do comportamento osteoarticular de nervos perif\u00e9ricos na hansen\u00edase","volume":"46","author":"Pereira HLA","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Bras Reumatol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1007\/s002590050486","article-title":"The use of bone scintigraphy to detect active Hansen's disease in mutilated patients","volume":"26","author":"Braga FJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.80.4.373","article-title":"The role of radiology in nerve function impairment and its musculoskeletal complications in leprosy","volume":"80","author":"Slim FJ","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"219","article-title":"MRI in clinically asymptomatic neuropathic leprosy feet: a baseline study","volume":"69","author":"Maas M","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"97","article-title":"MR imaging of neuropathic feet in leprosy patients with suspected osteomyelitis","volume":"70","author":"Maas M","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.79.2.183","article-title":"A clinical and radiological follow-up study in leprosy patients with asymptomatic neuropathic feet","volume":"79","author":"Slim FJ","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734609345142","article-title":"The potential role of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Hansen's neuropathy of the feet: a preliminary communication","volume":"8","author":"Slim FJ","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Low Extrem Wounds"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000498","article-title":"High-resolution sonography: a new technique to detect nerve damage in leprosy","volume":"3","author":"Jain S","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"381","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of ulnar nerve abscess in leprosy: a case report","volume":"77","author":"Hari S","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s002560050584","article-title":"US and MR imaging of peripheral nerves in leprosy","volume":"29","author":"Martinoli C","year":"2000","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"51","article-title":"Calcification of peripheral nerves in leprosy","volume":"10","author":"Chauhan SL","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Leprol"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197961040-00028","article-title":"Calcified abscess in the ulnar nerve in a patient with leprosy. A case report","volume":"61","author":"Lichtman DM","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1990000400002","article-title":"Electromyographic diagnosis of leprosy","volume":"48","author":"DeFaria CR","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"31","article-title":"Estudo comparativo da evid\u00eancia de altera\u00e7\u00f5es ao exame neurol\u00f3gico e eletromiogr\u00e1fico na hansen\u00edase","volume":"51","author":"Morgulis RF","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurobiologia"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1992000300009","article-title":"Electrophysiologic studies in leprosy","volume":"50","author":"Brasil-Neto JP","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6685.1423","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory studies of arthritis in leprosy","volume":"298","author":"Atkin SL","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822011000100019","article-title":"Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o dos crit\u00e9rios diagn\u00f3sticos do l\u00fapus eritematoso sist\u00eamico em pacientes com hansen\u00edase multibacilar","volume":"44","author":"Teixeira Jr GJA","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-013-2163-0","article-title":"Leprosy with ANA positive mistaken for connective tissue disease","volume":"32","author":"Chao G","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1992.tb00583.x","article-title":"Anaemia, iron-related measurements and erythropoietin levels in untreated patients with active leprosy","volume":"232","author":"Lapinsky SE","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref100","first-page":"793","article-title":"Serological findings in leprosy. An investigation into the specificity of various serological tests for syphilis","volume":"23","author":"Ruge HGS","year":"1960","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822010000400031","article-title":"Amiloidose e insufici\u00eancia renal cr\u00f4nica terminal associada \u00e0 hansen\u00edase","volume":"43","author":"Silva Jr GB","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"340","article-title":"Endocrine changes in leprosy","volume":"30","author":"Leal AMO","year":"1997","journal-title":"Medicina (Ribeir\u00e3o Preto)"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2008.02742.x","article-title":"Letters to the editor. High levels of liver enzymes in five patients with type 1 leprosy reaction","volume":"23","author":"Moura AK","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00860.x","article-title":"Visceral leprosy","volume":"39","author":"Klioze AM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref105","first-page":"79","article-title":"Lepra visceral: presentacion de dos casos y revision de la literatura","volume":"26","author":"Meneses S","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dermatol Venez"},{"key":"ref106","series-title":"Portaria n\u00ba 3.125, de 07 de outubro de 2010. Aprova as Diretrizes para Vigil\u00e2ncia, Aten\u00e7\u00e3o e Controle da hansen\u00edase"},{"key":"ref107","series-title":"Report of the Global Programme Managers' Meeting on Leprosy Control Strategy. New Delhi, India, 20-22 April 2009"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.2176-7262.v30i3p345-350","article-title":"Terap\u00eautica da hansen\u00edase","volume":"30","author":"Opromolla DVA","year":"1997","journal-title":"Medicina (Ribeir\u00e3o Preto)"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962005000600010","article-title":"Talidomida no tratamento do eritema nodoso hans\u00eanico: revis\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica dos ensaios cl\u00ednicos e perspectivas de novas investiga\u00e7\u00f5es","volume":"80","author":"Penna GO","year":"2005","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"36","article-title":"Detection of mutations in folp1, rpoB and gyrA genes of M. leprae by PCR- direct sequencing--a rapid tool for screening drug resistance in leprosy","volume":"82","author":"Sekar B","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref111","series-title":"WHO Expert Committee on leprosy: eighth report","volume":"968","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref112","series-title":"Report of the Global Programme Managers' Meeting on Leprosy Control Strategy; 2009 Apr 20-22; New Delhi, India"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.31891","article-title":"Protective effect of bacillus Calmette Gu\u03b9rin (BCG) vaccine in the prevention of leprosy: a meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Zodpey SP","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.09.161","article-title":"BCG vaccination and leprosy protection: review of current evidence and status of BCG in leprosy control","volume":"9","author":"Merle CSC","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70412-1","article-title":"The role of BCG in prevention of leprosy: a meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Setia MS","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref116","first-page":"S10","article-title":"South India immunoprophylaxis trial against leprosy: relevance of findings in the context of leprosy trends","volume":"69","author":"Gupte MD","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02428.x","article-title":"Lepra vaccine: misinterpreted myth","volume":"45","author":"Sehgal VN","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2004.04.007","article-title":"Effectiveness of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination in the prevention of leprosy: a population-based case-control study in Yavatmal District, India","volume":"119","author":"Zodpey SP","year":"2005","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref119","first-page":"229","article-title":"Effect of BCG on the risk of leprosy in an endemic area: a case control study","volume":"59","author":"Muliyil J","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref120","first-page":"105","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of immunotherapeutic efficacy of BCG and mw vaccines in patients of borderline lepromatous and lepromatous leprosy","volume":"73","author":"Narang T","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.03.037","article-title":"10-12 years follow-up of highly bacillated BL\/LL leprosy patients on combined chemotherapy and immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Katoch K","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341:9","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892009001000009","article-title":"Chemoprophylaxis in contacts of patients with leprosy: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Reveiz L","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.09.054","article-title":"Protective effect of the combination BCG vaccination and rifampicin prophylaxis in leprosy prevention","volume":"27","author":"Schuring RP","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/abd\/v89n3\/0365-0596-abd-89-03-0389.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T15:00:42Z","timestamp":1747666842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0365-05962014000300389&lng=en&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0365-05962014000300389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20142460","relation":{},"ISSN":["0365-0596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0365-0596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}}}