{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T15:04:44Z","timestamp":1784559884999,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022\/15766-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/15766-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022\/15766-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/15766-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Cir. Bras."],"abstract":"<jats:p>ABSTRACT  Purpose: The porcine model is widely used in preclinical studies of anorectal function due to its anatomical and physiological similarity to humans. However, appropriate behavioral and functional evaluation methods of anorectal segment are still lacking.  Methods: This study introduces the swine anal function assessment table (SAFAT), a standardized qualitative tool developed to evaluate anorectal function. Six male Landrace \u00d7 Large White pigs underwent evaluation following anorectal transplantation over up to one year.  Results: The functional parameters assessed included cleanliness, fecal distribution, stool consistency, anal tone, anal skin sensitivity, anal reflexes, and other ones. Each indicator was rated using semi-quantitative scales based on behavioral observations.  Conclusion: SAFAT was effective for behavioral and functional evaluation after anorectal transplantation and may improve the reproducibility and reliability of functional evaluations in swine models of major anorectal surgeries, supporting translational research in colorectal treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/acb413726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:40:46Z","timestamp":1784558446000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Qualitative assessment of anal function in swine model for research in colorectal surgery: development of the swine anal function assessment table"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6964-0589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia Belotto","family":"Guaran\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7595-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio Henrique de","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1237-7692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Barreto","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7681-4751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia Merilis","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9489-6789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Vieira da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8139-1458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinthia Ferreira","family":"Lanchotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0372-4920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1vio Viera","family":"Meirelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1924-3208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1vio Henrique Ferreira","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl.1","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S175","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.081","article-title":"The Perspective of the Patient","volume":"126","author":"Norton NJ","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2015.10.082","article-title":"Evidence that anorectal transplantation is the logical treatment for serious anorectal dysfunction and permanent colostomy","volume":"48","author":"Galv\u00e3o FH","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00381-7","article-title":"Faecal incontinence in adults","volume":"8","author":"Bharucha AE","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0868-5","article-title":"Patients\u2019 views of a colostomy for fecal incontinence","volume":"48","author":"Norton C","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-009-0062-y","article-title":"Common anorectal disorders: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"11","author":"Lacy BE","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-009-0459-5","article-title":"Anorectal transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Galv\u00e3o FH","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9762","article-title":"Functional outcome of autologous anorectal transplantation in an experimental model","volume":"102","author":"Seid VE","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30894","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30894","article-title":"Allogeneic anorectal transplantation in rats: technical considerations and preliminary results","volume":"6","author":"Galv\u00e3o FH","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znae245","article-title":"Anorectal auto transplantation in swine: an experimental model","volume":"111","author":"Salem JB","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20958","article-title":"Intestinal transplantation including anorectal segment in the rat","volume":"32","author":"Galv\u00e3o FH","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878952","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.878952","article-title":"Use of translational, genetically modified porcine models to ultimately improve intestinal disease treatment","volume":"9","author":"Schaaf CR","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2015.01.004","article-title":"Porcine models of digestive disease: the future of large animal translational research","volume":"166","author":"Gonzalez LM","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Swine in the laboratory","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Biology, handling, husbandry and anatomy","author":"McCrackin MA","year":"2015","edition":"3rd ed."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2012(08)20","article-title":"An innovative model of autologous anorectal transplantation with pudendal nerve reconstruction","volume":"67","author":"Galv\u00e3o FH","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinics (S\u00e3o Paulo)"},{"issue":"621","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd5758","article-title":"Importance of the pig as a human biomedical model","volume":"13","author":"Lunney JK","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s42826-022-00124-5","article-title":"A survey on the use of mice, pigs, dogs and monkeys as animal models in biomedical research in Spain","volume":"38","author":"Go\u00f1i-Balentziaga O","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lab Anim Res"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinsp.2023.100170","article-title":"Bioethics and xenotransplantation from pig to human","volume":"78","author":"Galv\u00e3o FHF","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000841","article-title":"Systematic review of animal models used in research of origins and treatments of fecal incontinence","volume":"60","author":"Evers J","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004141","article-title":"Anorectal transplantation: the first long-term success in a canine model","volume":"275","author":"Araki J","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2009.09.001","article-title":"Anorectal anatomy and physiology","volume":"90","author":"Barleben A","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.32","article-title":"The enteric nervous system and neurogastroenterology","volume":"9","author":"Furness JB","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22051","article-title":"Neural control of the gastrointestinal tract: implications for Parkinson disease","volume":"23","author":"Cersosimo MG","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.14750","article-title":"The puborectal continence reflex functions independently of the pudendal nerve","volume":"21","author":"Jonker JE","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.980080205","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the pudendal nerve and its clinical implications","volume":"8","author":"Shafik A","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e31819f746d","article-title":"Effects of sphincterotomy and pudendal nerve transection on the anal sphincter in a rat model","volume":"52","author":"Zutshi M","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)52023-5","article-title":"Mechanisms controlling normal defecation and the potential effects of spinal cord injury","volume":"152","author":"Brading AF","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3762(82)90191-2","article-title":"Investigations on the eliminative behaviour of piglets","volume":"9","author":"Buchenauer D","year":"1982","journal-title":"Appl Anim Ethol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112025","article-title":"Soiling of pig pens: a review of eliminative behaviour","volume":"10","author":"Nannoni E","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8040044","article-title":"Operationalizing principle-based standards for animal welfare\u2014Indicators for climate problems in pig houses","volume":"8","author":"Vermeer HM","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.2527\/1994.7261455x","article-title":"Factors affecting excretory behavior of pigs","volume":"72","author":"Hacker RR","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2005-521","article-title":"Temperature and body weight affect fouling of pig pens","volume":"84","author":"Aarnink AJA","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1017\/S096272860002844X","article-title":"Lying behaviour and adrenocortical response as indicators of the thermal tolerance of pigs of different weights","volume":"13","author":"Hillmann E","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim Welf"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00118","article-title":"Pen fouling in finisher pigs: Changes in the lying pattern and pen temperature prior to fouling","volume":"6","author":"Larsen MLV","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709011203","article-title":"Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time","volume":"32","author":"Lewis SJ","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-11692012000300021","article-title":"The Bristol Stool Form Scale: its translation to Portuguese, cultural adaptation and validation","volume":"20","author":"Martinez AP","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref36","first-page":"21428","article-title":"Use of swine as models for surgical experimentation: anatomical, physiological aspects and normative principles","volume":"21","author":"C\u00e2ndido HR","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Observat\u00f3rio Econ Latinoam"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref37","article-title":"Early weaning stress induces chronic functional diarrhea, intestinal barrier defects, and increased mast cell activity in a porcine model of early life adversity","volume":"29","author":"Pohl CS","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref38","first-page":"49","article-title":"\u00cdleo adin\u00e2mico em equinos: fisiopatologia e tratamento","volume":"10","author":"Melo UP","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arq Ci\u00eanc Vet Zool Unipar"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Physiology, gastrocolic reflex","author":"Malone JC","year":"2023"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.051045","article-title":"Interstitial cells of Cajal are involved in the afferent limb of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex","volume":"54","author":"Lorijin F","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720558","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.720558","article-title":"Distal colon motor coordination: the role of the coloanal reflex and rectoanal inhibitory reflex in sampling, flatulence, and defecation","volume":"8","author":"Huizinga JD","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02238249","article-title":"Parameters of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex in patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence and chronic constipation","volume":"41","author":"Zbar AP","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000002422","article-title":"Flatus incontinence and fecal incontinence: a case-control study","volume":"66","author":"Trieu RQ","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"}],"container-title":["Acta Cir\u00fargica Brasileira"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S0102-86502026000100623&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:40:53Z","timestamp":1784558453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-86502026000100623&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0102-86502026000100623"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/acb413726","relation":{},"ISSN":["1678-2674","0102-8650"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1678-2674","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0102-8650","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"e413726"}}