{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:45:34Z","timestamp":1785757534854,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Cir. Bras."],"abstract":"<jats:p>ABSTRACT  Purpose: To map the experimental models of induced and spontaneous uterine leiomyomas (UL) in animals, describing induction techniques, evaluation methods, advantages, limitations, and research gaps.  Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies published between 2004 and 2024 with in-vivo animal experiments reporting UL induction or spontaneous occurrence. Data were extracted on animal species, sample size, induction methods, confirmation techniques, and reported advantages or disadvantages.  Results: A total of 56 studies were included. Rats and mice were the most frequently used species. Induction methods comprised hormonal administration, genetic predisposition, chemical exposure (monosodium glutamate), ischemic injury, external stimulation, cell transplantation, xenotransplantation, and spontaneous development. A critical finding that emerged was that 60.7% of the studies failed to report confirmation of UL induction. Among the 22 studies that reported confirmation, caliper measurement was the most frequently used technique. This widespread lack of methodological rigor significantly undermines the credibility and reproducibility of many published models.  Conclusion: This scoping review highlights not only the heterogeneity of UL animal models and the lack of standardized induction and evaluation protocols, but also identifies a critical gap in induction validation reporting that compromises the foundation of preclinical research in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/acb414426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T10:59:18Z","timestamp":1785754758000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Induced and spontaneous uterine leiomyomas in animal models: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7625-3353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Willane Bandeira de","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9164-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Nogueira Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6119-0722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kau\u00e3 Manuel Costa","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4786-1110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyvia Maria Rodrigues de Sousa","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2300-5248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria do Socorro de Sousa","family":"Cartagenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3597-6471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Batista Santos","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288225","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2023.2288225","article-title":"Modifiable prognostic factors in uterine fibroid development: a systematic review of literature","volume":"44","author":"Keizer AL","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.13456","article-title":"Effect and safety of diluted vasopressin injection for bleeding control during robot-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy in reproductive women with uterine fibroids: a randomized controlled pilot trial (VALENTINE Trial)","volume":"38","author":"Park SJ","year":"2024","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13071694","article-title":"Assessing preclinical research models for immunotherapy for gynecologic malignancies","volume":"13","author":"Dholakia J","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2021.1917538","article-title":"Menopause, hormone therapy and cognition: maximizing translation from preclinical research","volume":"24","author":"Bimonte-Nelson HA","year":"2021","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11050354","article-title":"Basic and preclinical research for personalized medicine","volume":"11","author":"Lattanzi W","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9061459","article-title":"Vitamin D3 ameliorates DNA damage caused by developmental exposure to endocrine disruptors in the uterine myometrial stem cells of eker rats","volume":"9","author":"Elkafas H","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11641","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411641","article-title":"Epigenetic modulation of inflammatory pathways in myometrial stem cells and risk of uterine fibroids","volume":"24","author":"Yang Q","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmu048","article-title":"Ovarian steroids, stem cells and uterine leiomyoma: therapeutic implications","volume":"21","author":"Moravek MB","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(16)30065-6","article-title":"Lichong decoction reduces Matrix Metalloproteinases-2 expression but increases Tissue Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinases-2 expression in a rat model of uterine leiomyoma","volume":"36","author":"Yasong W","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v16i4.16","article-title":"Chemical constituents of Cyperus rotundus L. and their inhibitory effects on uterine fibroids","volume":"16","author":"Ju Y","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"5&#8211;6","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1159\/000479161","article-title":"Paclitaxel promotes cell apoptosis in uterine leiomyomas","volume":"100","author":"Liu H","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","first-page":"50","article-title":"Treatment with tinosporaside attenuates the uterine fibroid by stimulating the apoptosis","volume":"15","author":"Li M","year":"2019","journal-title":"Treatment with tinosporaside attenuates the uterine fibroid by stimulating the apoptosis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.11.033","article-title":"An integrated serum and urinary metabonomic research of Rhizoma Curcumae-Rhizoma Sparganii drug pair in hysteromyoma rats based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis","volume":"231","author":"Li W","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24081556","article-title":"Adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf.) Hull extract and active compounds inhibit proliferation of primary human leiomyoma cells and protect against sexual hormone-induced mice smooth muscle hyperproliferation","volume":"24","author":"Lin PH","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref15","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of uterine leiomyoma rats treated by a traditional herb pair, Curcumae rhizoma and Sparganii rhizoma","volume":"52","author":"Yu CH","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-02986-5","article-title":"Characterization and anti-uterine tumor effect of extract from Prunella vulgaris L","volume":"20","author":"Lin Y","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190119","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2019-0119","article-title":"3-(Para-fluorobenzoyl)-propionic acid; a metabolite of haloperidol, reversed oestradiol valerate-induced uterine hyperplasia via modulation of oestrogen receptor signalling pathways in female Wistar rats","volume":"31","author":"Olowofolahan AO","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcmed.2021.12.006","article-title":"Effects of Fuke Qianjin Formula on hormones and their receptors and metabonomics study in uterine fibroids model rats","volume":"4","author":"Yamei L","year":"2021","journal-title":"Digital Chinese Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02200-0","article-title":"Co-administration of aluminum sulfate and propolis regulates matrix metalloproteinases-2\/9 expression and improves the uterine leiomyoma in adult rat model","volume":"199","author":"Yousefi B","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674357","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.674357","article-title":"Ameliorative effects of component Chinese medicine from curcumae rhizoma and sparganii rhizoma, a traditional herb pair, on uterine leiomyoma in a rat model","volume":"9","author":"Zhang L","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115115","article-title":"Guizhi Fuling Capsule inhibits uterine fibroids growth by modulating Med12-mediated Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin signaling pathway","volume":"290","author":"Chen L","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4424","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14184424","article-title":"Astragaloside IV inhibits the proliferation of human uterine leiomyomas by targeting IDO1","volume":"14","author":"Qiu T","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00809-6","article-title":"Potential mechanism of Taohong Siwu Decoction in uterine fibroid treatment based on integrated strategy of network pharmacology and experimental verification","volume":"18","author":"Shi S","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-022-01644-z","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of gossypol acetate enantiomers in rats with uterine leiomyoma","volume":"77","author":"Yuan J","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref25","first-page":"7374","article-title":"Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in uterine myoma model rats and its influence on the development of uterine myomas","volume":"37","author":"Zeng Q","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost Agents"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref26","first-page":"1444","article-title":"Study on mechanism of Pulsatilla saponin B4 in treatment of uterine fibroids in rats","volume":"47","author":"Gao X","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Eval Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref27","first-page":"863","article-title":"Ameliorative effects of a Chinese herbal formula, fufang meidengmu on uterine leiomyoma in a mice model","volume":"36","author":"Yang L","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref28","first-page":"5140","article-title":"Effects of ethanol extracts of Diodia sarmentosa leaves on biochemical and histopathological indices of monosodium glutamate-induced uterine leiomyoma in rats","volume":"9","author":"Ezejiofor TIN","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMRAT"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-024-00612-6","article-title":"Chemical characterization, safety profile and antileiomyoma effects of Tetrapleura tetraptera Taubert (Fabaceae) fruit ethanol extract in Sprague Dawley rats","volume":"10","author":"Imade RO","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of ketogenic diet on monosodium glutamate-induced uterine fibroids in female wistar rats","volume":"23","author":"Kayode O","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Babol Univ Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2019.05.001","article-title":"Protective effects of alpha stone on monosodium glutamate-induced uterine hyperplasia in female wistar rats","volume":"11","author":"Oyebode OT","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ayurveda Integr Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2021.100501","article-title":"Therapeutic modality of induced uterine leiomyoma with shock waves in rats: The uterine blood flow, circulating ovarian hormones and histopathological findings","volume":"21","author":"Mamoon RS","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Biol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3404","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.902227","article-title":"The effects and possible mechanisms of puerarin to treat uterine fibrosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats","volume":"23","author":"Lin L","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.48","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2: the master regulator of fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Meng XM","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20187627","article-title":"Establishment of a rat model for uterine leiomyomas based on Western and traditional Chinese medicine theories","volume":"51","author":"Zhao H","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650022","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.650022","article-title":"Inhibition of fibroblast activation in uterine leiomyoma by components of Rhizoma Curcumae and Rhizoma Sparganii","volume":"9","author":"Feng Y","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719116630413","article-title":"Targeted adenoviral vector demonstrates enhanced efficacy for in vivo gene therapy of uterine leiomyoma","volume":"23","author":"Abdelaziz M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.03.024","article-title":"Pigment epithelium derived factor as a novel multi-target treatment for uterine fibroids","volume":"41","author":"Bar-Joseph H","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8040099","article-title":"Natural antioxidant resveratrol suppresses uterine fibroid cell growth and extracellular matrix formation in vitro and in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Chen HY","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719114537721","article-title":"Paricalcitol, a vitamin d receptor activator, inhibits tumor formation in a murine model of uterine fibroids","volume":"21","author":"Halder SK","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"5&#8211;6","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/08977194.2022.2113394","article-title":"Halofuginone inhibits cell proliferation and AKT\/mTORC1 signaling in uterine leiomyoma cells","volume":"40","author":"Lin J","year":"2022","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref42","article-title":"Melatonin activates cell death programs for the suppression of uterine leiomyoma cell proliferation","volume":"68","author":"Lin PH","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871829","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.871829","article-title":"Rabbit VX2 liver tumor model: a review of clinical, biology, histology, and tumor microenvironment characteristics","volume":"12","author":"Pascale F","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2007.01.013","article-title":"Rabbit VX2 tumors as an animal model of uterine fibroids and for uterine artery embolization","volume":"18","author":"Rhee TK","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xfnr.2022.05.001","article-title":"Animal models of uterine leiomyomas: a review","volume":"3","author":"Piccini CD","year":"2022","journal-title":"F&S Rev"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinsp.2023.100170","article-title":"Bioethics and xenotransplantation from pig to human","volume":"78","author":"Galvao FHF","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.03.055","article-title":"Novel effects of simvastatin on uterine fibroid tumors: in vitro and patient-derived xenograft mouse model study","volume":"213","author":"Borahay MA","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.09.018","article-title":"Long-term vitamin D treatment decreases human uterine leiomyoma size in a xenograft animal model","volume":"113","author":"Corach\u00e1n A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-016-0200-y","article-title":"Oestrogen-induced angiogenesis and implantation contribute to the development of parasitic myomas after laparoscopic morcellation","volume":"14","author":"Huang BS","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719114525266","article-title":"Antitumor effects of flavopiridol on human uterine leiomyoma in vitro and in a xenograft model","volume":"21","author":"Lee HG","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114201","article-title":"Effects of bisphenol A on uterine leiomyoma: In vitro and in vivo evaluation with mechanistic insights related to XBP1","volume":"247","author":"Li Z","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53467-w","article-title":"EC313-a tissue selective SPRM reduces the growth and proliferation of uterine fibroids in a human uterine fibroid tissue xenograft model","volume":"9","author":"Nair HB","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2015.04.012","article-title":"Xenotransplantation of uterine leiomyoma in Wistar rats: a pilot study","volume":"190","author":"Sousa WB","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8872","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27138-1","article-title":"Establishment of a novel mouse xenograft model of human uterine leiomyoma","volume":"8","author":"Suzuki Y","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2020.21.4.943","article-title":"Anti-uterine fibroid effect of standardized Labisia pumila var. alata extracts in vitro and in human uterine fibroid cancer xenograft model","volume":"21","author":"Zakaria N","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew094","article-title":"Halofuginone suppresses growth of human uterine leiomyoma cells in a mouse xenograft model","volume":"31","author":"Koohestani F","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1763","article-title":"Down-regulation of miR-29b is essential for pathogenesis of uterine leiomyoma","volume":"155","author":"Qiang W","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142429","article-title":"Application of a patient derived xenograft model for predicative study of uterine fibroid disease","volume":"10","author":"Fritsch M","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2017.03.002","article-title":"Spontaneously arising tumours and tumour-like lesions of the cervix and uterus in 83 pet guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)","volume":"156","author":"Laik-Schandelmaier C","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230490440880","article-title":"Uterine smooth muscle tumors in potbellied pigs (Sus scrofa) resemble human fibroids: a potential animal model","volume":"32","author":"Mozzachio K","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.11.1969","article-title":"Spontaneously occurring fibroid tumors of the laying hen oviduct","volume":"85","author":"Berry W","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.112.101188","article-title":"Validation of the aging hen (Gallus gallus domesticus) as an animal model for uterine leiomyomas","volume":"87","author":"Machado SA","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352006000100020","article-title":"Uterine leiomyoma in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)","volume":"58","author":"Silva AE","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20947","article-title":"Diagnosis and prevalence of uterine leiomyomata in female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)","volume":"73","author":"Videan EN","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Primatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3311","article-title":"The incidence of spontaneous neoplasia in two populations of captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"14","author":"Simmons HA","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref66","first-page":"226","article-title":"Uterine leiomyoma in a Guyanese squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus sciureus)","volume":"49","author":"Long CT","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref67","series-title":"The principles of humane experimental technique","author":"Russell WMS","year":"1959"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/awf.2024.39","article-title":"Conceptual foundations for a clarified meaning of the 3Rs principles in animal experimentation","volume":"33","author":"Louis-Maerten E","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animal Welfare"},{"key":"ref69","series-title":"Diretriz Brasileira para o Cuidado e a Utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de Animais em Atividades de Ensino ou de Pesquisa Cient\u00edfica","year":"2024","edition":"2\u00aa ed."}],"container-title":["Acta Cir\u00fargica Brasileira"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S0102-86502026000101407&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T10:59:26Z","timestamp":1785754766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-86502026000101407&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["S0102-86502026000101407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/acb414426","relation":{},"ISSN":["1678-2674","0102-8650"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1678-2674","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0102-8650","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"e414426"}}