{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T17:34:53Z","timestamp":1773941693527,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arq. Gastroenterol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Low socioeconomical status is a major risk factor for natural acquisition of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in developing countries. Its transmission route is unknown but studies suggest person-to-person transmission. AIM: To evaluate seropositivity of anti-H. pylori antibodies in family members of infected symptomatic index patients as compared to family members of symptomatic uninfected index patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and twelve family members of 38 patients who underwent endoscopy to exclude peptic disease were studied. Patients were deemed H. pylori infected or not infected when rapid urease test and histology were both positive or both negative. The family members underwent ELISA serology using the Cobas Core II Kit (Roche) and were classified into three groups: I - 29 family members of 10 H. pylori (+) duodenal ulcer index patients; II - 57 family members of 17 H. pylori (+) index patients without duodenal ulcer; III - 26 family members of 11 H. pylori (-) index patients. RESULTS: Seropositivity of group I and II (infected patients) was higher than the control group, 83% vs 38%, specially in mothers, 81% vs 18%, and in siblings 76% vs 20%. Differences between fathers' seropositivity was not statistically significant in the three groups: 100% vs 86% vs 70%. Seropositivity of all family members (mother, father and siblings) between infected group (I vs II) was similar. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of H. pylori infection was higher in family members of infected patients, but was similar among family members of infected patients with and without duodenal ulcer. H. pylori infection is more frequent in mothers and siblings of infected index children. A common source of infection cannot be excluded, but facts suggest that person-to-person transmission occurs, specially from mother to child.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-28032004000400008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,15]],"date-time":"2005-04-15T14:21:51Z","timestamp":1113574911000},"page":"239-244","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Evidence of mother-child transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Mario Luis","family":"Escobar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabete","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Categorical data analysis","author":"Agresti A","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"109","article-title":"Los pacientes con \u00falcera duodenal transmiten el Helicobacter pylori a sus familiares?","volume":"87","author":"Alfonso V","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1130-0108","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"689","article-title":"Determination of IgG antibodies against Helicobacter pylori in adult dyspeptic patients and blood donors from Jos, Nigeria","volume":"26","author":"Ani AE","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Sci Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90156-S","article-title":"Relationship of Helicobacter pylori to serum pepsinogens in an asymptomatic Japanese population","volume":"102","author":"Asaka M","journal-title":"Gastroenterology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-5085","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1995.tb00426.x","article-title":"Review article: Is Helicobacter pylori transmitted by the gastro-oral route?","volume":"9","author":"Axon ATR","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0269-2813","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.10.1348","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori: comparison of DNA fingerprints provides evidence for intrafamilial infection","volume":"34","author":"Bamford KB","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gut","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-5749","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)92458-5","article-title":"Person-to-person transmission of Campylobacter pylori","volume":"2","author":"Berkowicz J","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0099-5355","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86821996000300005","article-title":"Infec\u00e7\u00e3o g\u00e1strica por Helicobacter pylori em pacientes sintom\u00e1ticos da Ilha de S\u00e3o Luis, MA: correla\u00e7\u00e3o endosc\u00f3pica anatomopatol\u00f3gica e microbiol\u00f3gica","volume":"29","author":"Bezerra JM","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0037-8682","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"H. pyloriand gastroduodenal pathology","first-page":"259","volume-title":"Helicobacter pyloriinfection in children","author":"Blecker U","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1080\/00365529850172016","article-title":"Variation in the 13C-urea breath test value by nationality in Helicobacter pylori-infected children","volume":"33","author":"Bode G","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0036-5521","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268898001964","article-title":"Active infection with Helicobacter pylori in healthy couples","volume":"122","author":"Brenner H","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0950-2688","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018040","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of transmission","volume":"22","author":"Brown LM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0193-936X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199805000-00004","article-title":"A community-based study of the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and associated asymptomatic gastroduodenal pathology","volume":"10","author":"Buckley MJ","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0954-691X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(05)70403-X","article-title":"Helicobacter pyloriand peptic disease in the pediatric patient","volume":"43","author":"Bujanover Y","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0031-3955","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"A71","article-title":"Factors involved in reinfection by H. pylori in Brazil","volume":"37","author":"Coelho LGV","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gut","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-5749","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199911000-00008","article-title":"Accuracy of serology and 13C-urea breath test for detection of Helicobacter pyloriin children","volume":"18","author":"Corvaglia L","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0891-3668","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5378.1999.99275.x","article-title":"Efficacy of conventional endoscopic disinfection and sterilization methods against Helicobacter pylori contamination","volume":"4","author":"Cronmiller JR","year":"1999","journal-title":"Helicobacter","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1083-4389","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7209.537","article-title":"Familial clustering of Helicobacter pylori infection: population based study","volume":"319","author":"Dominici P","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ Br Med J"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199002083220603","article-title":"Intrafamilial clustering of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"322","author":"Drumm B","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-4793","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.88.3.578","article-title":"Factors influencing the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in children","volume":"88","author":"Fiedorek SC","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0031-4005","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01283.x","article-title":"Changes in seroepidemiological pattern of Helicobacter pylori and hepatitis A virus over the last 20 years in Japan","volume":"94","author":"Fujisawa T","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9270","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90907-K","article-title":"Helicobacter pyloriinfection and overcrowding in childhood","volume":"339","author":"Galpin OP","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0099-5355","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.39.5.634","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection in spouses of patients with duodenal ulcers and comparison of ribosomal RNA gene patterns","volume":"39","author":"Georgopoulos SD","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gut","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-5749","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/24.5.875","article-title":"The transmission of Helicobacter pylori: A critical review of evidence","volume":"24","author":"Goodman KJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-5771","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)05273-3","article-title":"Transmission of Helicobacter pylori among siblings","volume":"355","author":"Goodman KJ","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0099-5355","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3646","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.10.3646-3651.2000","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori: clonal population structure and restricted transmission within families revealed by molecular typing","volume":"38","author":"Han SR","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0095-1137","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.1.222","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Chile: vegetables may serve as one route of transmission","volume":"168","author":"Hopkins RJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-1899","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90806-0","article-title":"Isolation of Helicobacter pylorifrom feces of patients with dyspepsia in the United Kingdom","volume":"107","author":"Kelly SM","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-5085","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)93196-G","article-title":"Water source as a risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection in Peruvian children","volume":"337","author":"Klein PD","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0099-5355","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268897007565","article-title":"Helicobacter antibodies in 1973 and 1994 in the adult population of Vammala, Finland","volume":"119","author":"Kosunen TU","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0950-2688","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91473-Y","article-title":"Seroconversion for Helicobacter pylori","volume":"342","author":"Kuipers EJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0099-5355","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345950740020901","article-title":"The fidelity of initial acquisition of mutans streptococci by infants from their mothers","volume":"74","author":"Li Y","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Dent Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-0345","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1994.tb01249.x","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori prevalence in endoscopy and medical staff","volume":"9","author":"Lin SK","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0815-9319","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529609010346","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in medical staff in Shanghai","volume":"31","author":"Liu WZ","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0036-5521","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.2.164","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and hepatitis A in a rural area: evidence against a common mode of transmission","volume":"41","author":"Luzza F","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-5749","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529108996244","article-title":"Transmission of Hp infection studies in families of healthy individuals","volume":"26","author":"Malaty HM","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0036-5521","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90931-R","article-title":"Childhood living conditions and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in adult life","volume":"339","author":"Mendall MA","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0099-5355","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70192-1","article-title":"Serum ferritin, hemoglobin, and Helicobacter pyloriinfection: a seroepidemiologic survey comprising 2794 Danish adults","volume":"115","author":"Milman N","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-5085","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2000.02070.x","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection occurs via close contact with infected individuals in early childhood","volume":"15","author":"Miyaji H","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0815-9319","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s101560200009","article-title":"Intrafamilial transmission of Helicobacter pylori: the association between a parent and an offspring with respect to the presence of anti-CagA antibody","volume":"8","author":"Miyazaki M","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Applied linear statistical models","author":"Neter J","year":"1990","edition":"4"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01297021","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori in children with peptic ulcer and their families","volume":"36","author":"Oderda G","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0163-2116","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90015-9","article-title":"Seroconversion for Helicobacter pylori in adults from Brazil","volume":"93","author":"Oliveira AM","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0035-9203","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"2201","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Hp infection in children of low socioeconomic level in Belo Horizonte, Brazil","volume":"89","author":"Oliveira AMR","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9270","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200007000-00008","article-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Argentina: results of a nationwide epidemiologic study","volume":"31","author":"Olmos JA","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0192-0790","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.39.5.629","article-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pyloriinfection and related gastroduodenal lesions in spouses of Helicobacter pylori positive patients with duodenal ulcer","volume":"39","author":"Parente F","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gut","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-5749","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91782-Y","article-title":"Symptoms and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in a cohort of epidemiologists","volume":"102","author":"Parsonnet J","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-5085","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199702000-00005","article-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori antibodies in children in Bloemfontein, South Africa","volume":"24","author":"Pelser HH","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0277-2116","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"297","article-title":"Seroprevalencia de la infecci\u00f3n por Helicobacter pylori en la Rep\u00fablica de Argentina: influencia de la edad, sexo, nivel socio-econ\u00f3mico, \u00e1rea geogr\u00e1fica e infraestructura sanitaria","volume":"29","author":"Pest PS","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-9033","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199907000-00021","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal diseases in the elderly: report of a meeting held at Vicenza, Italy, on 20 March 1998","volume":"11","author":"Pilotto A","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0954-691X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199205000-00008","article-title":"Rota in children: Clinical endoscopic and histologic correlations","volume":"14","author":"Prieto G","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0277-2116","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"1525","article-title":"Studies in abattoir workers and pigs","volume":"87","author":"Rocha GA","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9270","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"1313","article-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in two different populations from Minas Gerais, Brazil","volume":"89","author":"Rocha GA","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9270","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1086\/314595","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori among preschool children and their parents: evidence of parent-child transmission","volume":"179","author":"Rothenbacher D","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-1899","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"258","article-title":"Risk of infection with Helicobacter pylori and hepatitis A virus in different groups of hospital workers","volume":"92","author":"Rudi J","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9270","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02220458","article-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in infants and family contacts in a poor Bangladesh community","volume":"40","author":"Sarker SA","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0163-2116","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"15","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori in dyspeptic Jordanian patients","volume":"19","author":"Shennak MM","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trop Gastroenterol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0250-636X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199907000-00021","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori transmission between a boy with duodenal ulcer and his father","volume":"18","author":"Shimizu T","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0891-3668","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.1999.01908.x","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori: evidence for spouse-to-spouse transmission","volume":"14","author":"Singh V","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0815-9319","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199811000-00010","article-title":"Results of Helicobacter pylori screening and eradication in a multi-ethnic community in central England","volume":"10","author":"Stone MA","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0954-691X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.4.731-739.2001","article-title":"Helicobacter pyloriintrafamilial infections: change in source of infection of a child from father to mother after eradication therapy","volume":"8","author":"Taneike I","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1071-412X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92894-L","article-title":"Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from human feces","volume":"340","author":"Thomas JE","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0099-5355","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.26282","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection in Swedish school children: lack evidence of child-to-child transmission outside the family","volume":"121","author":"Tindberg Y","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-5085","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(98)80169-2","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in an asymptomatic Turkish population","volume":"37","author":"Us D","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0163-4453","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"65","article-title":"Vector potential of houseflies (Musca domestica) for Helicobacter pylori","volume":"3","author":"Vaira D","year":"1998","journal-title":"Helicobacter","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1083-4389","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.3.313","article-title":"High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in cohabiting children: Epidemiology of a cluster, with special emphasis on molecular typing","volume":"35","author":"Vincent P","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-5749","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.6.1544","article-title":"Direct DNA amplification and restriction pattern analysis of Helicobacter pylori in patients with duodenal ulcer and their families","volume":"168","author":"Wang JT","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-1899","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"1660","article-title":"Effective reduction of Helicobacter pylori infection after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy by mechanical washing of the endoscope","volume":"43","author":"Wu MS","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0172-6390","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2000.18349","article-title":"Intrafamilial spread of Helicobacter pylori: a prospective study using urea breath test","volume":"35","author":"Zhou H","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3468","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["Arquivos de Gastroenterologia"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/ag\/v41n4\/a08v41n4.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T22:55:09Z","timestamp":1706136909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-28032004000400008&lng=en&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0004-28032004000400008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0004-28032004000400008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-2803"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-2803","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}}}