{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T04:51:07Z","timestamp":1761540667904},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"2a","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To evaluate the long-term effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTX) in the treatment of blepharospasm, a retrospective analysis was conducted from the patients seen at the Movement Disorders Clinic of the Department of Neurology, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine from 1993 to 2003. A total of 379 treatments with BTX were administered to 30 patients with blepharospasm. Sixty six per cent of the subjects had used oral medication for dystonia and only 15% of them reported satisfactory response to this treatment. Ninety three per cent of the patients showed significant improvement after the first BTX injection. There was no decrement in response when compared the first and the last injection recorded. Adverse effects, mostly minor, developed at least once in 53% of patients. Six patients (20%) discontinued the treatment but there was no case of secondary resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-282x2005000200006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,9]],"date-time":"2006-01-09T18:48:56Z","timestamp":1136832536000},"page":"221-224","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Botulinum toxin A in the treatment of blepharospasm: a 10-year experience"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Silveira-Moriyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilian R.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsin Fen","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Egberto R.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"General and clinical aspects of treatment with botulinum toxin: In Handbook of botulinum toxin treatment","first-page":"28","author":"Moore P","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Historical notes on botulism, Clostridium botulinum, botulinum toxin, and the idea of the therapeutic use of the toxin","volume":"19","author":"Erbguth FJ","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0855-3185","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"The changed image of botulinum toxin","volume":"325","author":"Misra VP","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br Med J","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-1447","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Treinamento para aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de toxina botul\u00ednica em distonias e espasmo hemifacial","author":"Consky Earl","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"220","article-title":"Blefaroespasmo: tratamento com toxina Botul\u00ednica","volume":"51","author":"Barbosa ER","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med S Paulo"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.9.1715","article-title":"Botulinum antibodies in dystonic patients treated with type A botulinum toxin: frequency and significance","volume":"43","author":"Zuber M","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-3878","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"Supp 8","key":"ref7","first-page":"S92","article-title":"Clinical presentation and management of antibody-induced failure of botulinum toxin therapy","volume":"19","author":"Dressler D","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0855-3185","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.9.1743","article-title":"Response and immunoresistance to botulinum toxin injections","volume":"45","author":"Jankovic J","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-3878","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"73","article-title":"Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome (Meige's syndrome): clinical aspects","volume":"49","author":"Tolosa E","year":"1988","journal-title":"Adv Neurol","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0091-3952","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Parkinson's disease and movement disorders","first-page":"331","author":"Jankovic JJ","year":"2002","edition":"Fourth"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.3.418","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A treatment for primary hemifacial spasm: a 10-year multicenter study","volume":"59","author":"Defazio G","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Neurol","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-9942","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.9.2102","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A in patients with oromandibular dystonia: long-term follow-up","volume":"53","author":"Tan EK","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-3878","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04349.x","article-title":"Treatment of focal hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A: long-term follow up in 61 patients","volume":"145","author":"Schnider P","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Dermatology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(02)80238-9","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of achalasia patients treated with botulinum toxin","volume":"34","author":"D'Onofrio V","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10252","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of various disorders over a 10 year-period","volume":"17","author":"Hsiung G-Y","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"121","article-title":"Effects of repeated botulinum toxin injections on orbicularis oculi muscle","volume":"12","author":"Borodic GE","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Neuroophthalmol","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0272-846X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10495","article-title":"Long-term safety of botulinum toxin type A","volume":"18","author":"Naumann M","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Botulinum toxin therapy","first-page":"39","author":"Dressler D","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090605","article-title":"\"Apraxia of lid opening\" a focal eyelid dystonia: clinical study of 32 patients","volume":"9","author":"Krack P","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150070100","article-title":"Complete secondary botulinum toxin therapy failure in blepharospasm","volume":"247","author":"Dressler D","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0340-5354","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/anp\/v63n2a\/a06v632a.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,14]],"date-time":"2019-04-14T03:20:31Z","timestamp":1555212031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-282X2005000200006&lng=en&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2a","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0004-282X2005000200006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0004-282x2005000200006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-282X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-282X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}}}