{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T02:42:18Z","timestamp":1761619338593},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The knowledge about typhoid fever pathogenesis is growing in the last years, mainly about the cellular and molecular phenomena that are responsible by clinical manifestations of this disease. In this article are discussed several recent discoveries, as follows: a) Bacterial type III protein secretion system; b) The five virulence genes of Salmonella spp. that encoding Sips (Salmonella invasion protein) A, B, C, D and E, which are capable of induce apoptosis in macrophages; c) The function of Toll R2 and Toll R4 receptors present in the macrophage surface (discovered in the Drosophila). The Toll family receptors are critical in the signalizing mediated by LPS in macrophages in association with LBP and CD14; d) The lines of immune defense between intestinal lumen and internal organs; e) The fundamental role of the endothelial cells in the inflammatory deviation from bloodstream into infected tissues by bacteria. In addition to above subjects, the authors comment the correlation between the clinical features of typhoid fever and the cellular and molecular phenomena of this disease, as well as the therapeutic consequences of this knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s0036-46652003000400002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,27]],"date-time":"2005-04-27T13:31:31Z","timestamp":1114608691000},"page":"185-191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Typhoid fever as cellular microbiological model"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Dahir Ramos de","family":"Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dahir Ramos de","family":"Andrade J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5428.736","article-title":"Cell activation and apoptosis by bacterial lipoproteins through Toll-like receptor-2","volume":"285","author":"ALIPRANTIS A.O.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0036-8075","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.13.3325","article-title":"The apoptotic signaling pathway activated by Toll-like receptor 2","volume":"19","author":"ALIPRANTIS A.O.","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO J.","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0261-4189","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"546A","article-title":"Invasion of rat hepatocytes in a primary culture by Salmonella typhimurium: production of TNF alpha and analysis of the cell death","volume":"30","author":"ANDRADE D.R.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0161-0538","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref4","author":"ANDRADE J\u00daNIOR D.R.","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"502A","article-title":"Analysis of the TNF-alpha production and cell death by apoptosis in rat hepatocytes invaded by Salmonella typhimurium: influence of the bacterial concentration","volume":"32","author":"ANDRADE J\u00daNIOR D.R.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0161-0538","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Manual of clinical microbiology","author":"BALOWS A.","year":"1991","edition":"5"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5288.782","article-title":"An essential role for NF-KappaB in preventing TNF-alpha induced cell death","volume":"274","author":"BEG A.A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0036-8075","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.67.4.508","article-title":"The interleukin-1 receptor\/Toll-like receptor superfamily: signal generators for pro-inflammatory interleukins and microbial products","volume":"67","author":"BOWIE A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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