{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:06:16Z","timestamp":1761581176642},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Giardia infections in captive nonhuman primates (NHP) housed at a Brazilian zoo were investigated in order to address their zoonotic potential. Fresh fecal samples were collected from the floors of 22 enclosures where 47 primates of 18 different species were housed. The diagnosis of intestinal parasites after concentration by sedimentation and flotation methods revealed the following parasites and their frequencies: Giardia (18%); Entamoeba spp. (18%); Endolimax nana (4.5%); Iodamoeba spp. (4.5%); Oxyurid (4.5%) and Strongylid (4.5%). Genomic DNA extracted from all samples was processed by PCR methods in order to amplify fragments of gdh and tpi genes of Giardia. Amplicons were obtained from samples of Ateles belzebuth, Alouatta caraya, Alouatta fusca and Alouatta seniculus. Clear sequences were only obtained for the isolates from Ateles belzebuth (BA1), Alouatta fusca (BA2) and Alouatta caraya (BA3). According to the phenetic analyses of these sequences, all were classified as assemblage A. For the tpi gene, all three isolates were grouped into sub-assemblage AII (BA1, BA2 and BA3) whereas for the gdh gene, only BA3 was sub-assemblage AII, and the BA1 and BA2 were sub-assemblage AI. Considering the zoonotic potential of the assemblage A, and that the animals of the present study show no clinical signs of infection, the data obtained here stresses that regular coproparasitological surveys are necessary to implement preventive measures and safeguard the health of the captive animals, of their caretakers and of people visiting the zoological gardens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s0036-46652014000100007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]],"date-time":"2014-03-12T14:17:53Z","timestamp":1394633873000},"page":"49-54","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["MOLECULAR TYPING OF Giardia duodenalis ISOLATES FROM NONHUMAN PRIMATES HOUSED IN A BRAZILIAN ZOO"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Erica Boarato","family":"David","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariella","family":"Patti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Sagrado Coracao (USC), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvana Torossian","family":"Coradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Sagrado Coracao (USC), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa Cristina Goulart","family":"Oliveira-Sequeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo Eduardo Martins","family":"Ribolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Semiramis","family":"Guimaraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.06.004","article-title":"<italic>Giardia<\/italic> and <italic>Cryptosporidium<\/italic> in mammalian wildlife: current status and future needs","volume":"21","author":"Appelbee AJ","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.08.034","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of <italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/italic> in an endangered carnivore. The African painted dog","volume":"174","author":"Ash A","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.09.026","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular typing of <italic>Giardia<\/italic> spp. in captive mammals at the zoo of Zagreb, Croatia","volume":"175","author":"Beck R","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0113","article-title":"A large survey of Croatian wild mammals for <italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/italic> reveals a low prevalence and limited zoonotic potential","volume":"11","author":"Beck R","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-199","article-title":"<italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/italic> assemblages and <italic>Entamoeba<\/italic> species infecting non-human primates in an Italian zoological garden: zoonotic potential and management traits","volume":"4","author":"Berrilli F","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2011.05.004","article-title":"Limitations of <italic>tpi<\/italic> and <italic>bg<\/italic> genes sub-genotyping for characterization of human <italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/italic> isolates","volume":"60","author":"Bonhomme J","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.05.023","article-title":"Intestinal parasitism in the animals of the zoological garden \u00e2\u20ac\u0153Pe\u00c3\u00b1a Escrita\u00e2\u20ac\ufffd (Almu\u00f1ecar, Spain)","volume":"156","author":"Cord\u00f3n PG","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20140","article-title":"The significant but understudied impact of pathogen transmission from humans to animals","volume":"76","author":"Epstein JH","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1638\/2010-0049.1","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites in mammals of two Italian zoological gardens","volume":"41","author":"Fagiolini M","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00033-10","article-title":"Zoonotic potencial and molecular epidemiology of <italic>Giardia<\/italic> species and giardiasis","volume":"24","author":"Feng Y","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1638\/2008-0152.1","article-title":"Occurrence and molecular characterization of <italic>Cryptosporidium<\/italic> and <italic>Giardia<\/italic> in captive wild ruminants in Belgium","volume":"40","author":"Geurden T","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0905:AGDGAA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Anthropozoonotic <italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/italic> genotype (assemblage) A infections in habitats of free-ranging human-habituated gorillas, Uganda","volume":"88","author":"Graczyk TK","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03548684","article-title":"Staining of Cryptosporidia by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique","volume":"22","author":"Henriksen A","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.05.061","article-title":"Genotyping of <italic>Giardia intestinalis<\/italic> from domestic and wild animals in Japan using glutamate dehydrogenase gene sequencing","volume":"133","author":"Itagaki T","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20803","article-title":"Black and gold howler monkeys (<italic>Alouatta caraya<\/italic>) as sentinels of ecosystem health: patterns of zoonotic protozoa infection relative to degree of human-primate contact","volume":"73","author":"Kowalewski MM","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Primatol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991120","article-title":"Intestinal parasites of endangered orangutans (<italic>Pongo pygmaeus<\/italic>) in Central and East Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia","volume":"137","author":"Labes EM","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.02.015","article-title":"The identification of a new <italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/italic> assemblage in marine vertebrates and a preliminary analysis of <italic>G. duodenalis<\/italic> population biology in marine systems","volume":"40","author":"Lasek-Nesselquist E","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.11.003","article-title":"From mouse to moose: multilocus genotyping of <italic>Giardia<\/italic> isolates from various animal species","volume":"168","author":"Lebbad M","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.06.020","article-title":"Gastrointestinal protozoa in non-human primates of four zoological gardens in Belgium","volume":"148","author":"Levecke B","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.013","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of <italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/italic> in captive non-human primates reveals mixed assemblage A and B infections and novel polymorphisms","volume":"39","author":"Levecke B","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.07.015","article-title":"Intestinal parasites in various animals at a zoo in Malaysia","volume":"157","author":"Lim YA","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2281-z","article-title":"Occurrence and genetic characterization of <italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/italic> from captive nonhuman primates by multi-locus sequence analysis","volume":"109","author":"Mart\u00ednez-D\u00edaz RA","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1348(02)00149-1","article-title":"Genetic diversity within the morphological species <italic>Giardia intestinalis<\/italic> and its relationship to host origin","volume":"3","author":"Monis PT","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(98)00040-0","article-title":"Some gastro-intestinal parasites of zoonotic (public health) importance commonly observed in old world non-human primates in Kenya","volume":"71","author":"Muriuki SM","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2004.02.001","article-title":"Discrimination of all genotypes of <italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/italic> at the glutamate dehydrogenase locus using PCR-RFLP","volume":"4","author":"Read CM","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.4.576","article-title":"<italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/italic> cysts isolated from wild moose and reindeer in Norway: genetic characterization by PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis at two genes","volume":"43","author":"Robertson LJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"ref27","author":"Zajac AN","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.03.049","article-title":"Genotyping of potentially zoonotic <italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/italic> from exotic and wild animals kept in captivity in Brazil","volume":"180","author":"Soares RM","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0911.030084","article-title":"Triosephosphate isomerase gene characterization and potential zoonotic transmission of <italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/italic>","volume":"9","author":"Sulaiman IM","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4876","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.24.4876","article-title":"The Clustal_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools","volume":"25","author":"Thompson JD","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.008","article-title":"The zoonotic significance and molecular epidemiology of <italic>Giardia<\/italic> and giardiasis","volume":"126","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.07.003","article-title":"Genotyping of <italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/italic> from Southern Brown Howler Monkeys (<italic>Alouatta clamitans<\/italic>) from Brazil","volume":"158","author":"Volot\u00e3o AC","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007003071","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of <italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/italic> sequence data","volume":"134","author":"Wielinga CM","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"}],"container-title":["Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/rimtsp\/v56n1\/0036-4665-rimtsp-56-01-49.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T20:42:30Z","timestamp":1648586550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-46652014000100049&lng=en&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0036-46652014000100049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0036-46652014000100007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-4665"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-4665","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}}}