{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T16:07:32Z","timestamp":1783699652243,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Cir. Bras."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>PURPOSE: To evaluate the antioxidant effects of enemas containing aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis, comparing segments with and without fecal stream and correlating the segments with the duration of intervention. METHODS: Twenty-six Wistar rats were subjected to a diversion of the fecal stream in the left colon by a proximal colostomy and distal mucosal fistula. The rats were distributed randomly into two experimental groups of 13 animals each based on the time of sacrifice after surgical procedure (two or four weeks). Each group was then divided into two experimental subgroups that received either second daily enemas containing 0.9% saline solution or aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis at 0.2g\/100g. Colitis was diagnosed by histopathological analysis and the detection of oxidative tissue damage by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the tissue levels of malondialdehyde between colon segments with and without fecal stream in each experimental group, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to verify the variance between the levels of oxidative stress according the duration of the irrigation; both tests determined significance at 5% (p&lt;0.05). RESULTS: The levels of malondialdehyde in the animals subjected to intervention in the colon with saline with and without fecal stream after two and four weeks of irrigation were 0.05\u00b10.006 and 0.06\u00b10.006, and 0.05\u00b1 0.03 and 0.08 \u00b10.02, respectively. The malondialdehyde levels in the animals irrigated with Ilex paraguariensis with and without fecal stream after two and four weeks of irrigation were 0.010\u00b10.002 and 0.02\u00b10.004, and 0.03\u00b10.007 and 0.04\u00b10.01, respectively. After two and four weeks of intervention, the levels of malondialdehyde were lower in the animals irrigated with Ilex paraguariensis regardless of the time of irrigation (p=0.0001 and p=0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION: The daily rectal application of enemas containing aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis decreases oxidative tissue damage in the colon without fecal stream regardless of the time of irrigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-86502011000400008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,5]],"date-time":"2011-08-05T11:34:51Z","timestamp":1312544091000},"page":"289-296","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Reduction in oxidative stress levels in the colonic mucosa without fecal stream after the application of enemas containing aqueous Ilex paraguariensis extract"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Fernando Lorenzetti da","family":"Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USF"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Morais Gon\u00e7alves da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos Gon\u00e7alves de","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thais Miguel do Monte","family":"Lameiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USF"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia Helena Souza","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USF"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelson Fontana","family":"Margarido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FMUSP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Augusto Real","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Produtos alternativos e desenvolvimento da tecnologia industrial na cadeia produtiva da erva-mate","author":"Maccari Junior A","year":"2000","edition":"1"},{"key":"ref2","author":"Ribeiro AS","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3390\/12030423","article-title":"Phenolic antioxidants identified by ESI-MS from yerba mat\u00e9 (Ilex paraguariensis) and green tea (Camelia sinensis) extracts","volume":"12","author":"Bastos DHM","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecules","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1420-3049","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"261","article-title":"Protective effects of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) on H2O2-induced DNA damage and DNA repair in mice","volume":"23","author":"Miranda DDC","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mutagenesis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0267-8257","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2008.03.003","article-title":"Nutrients and phytochemicals: from bioavailability to bioefficacy beyond antioxidants","volume":"19","author":"Holst B","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0958-1669","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soncn.2005.06.009","article-title":"Chemoprevention: a primary cancer prevention strategy","volume":"21","author":"Smith JJ","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Oncol Nurs","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0749-2081","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1189","article-title":"Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals","volume":"3","author":"Surh YJ","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20014091076695","article-title":"An overview of analytical chemistry of phenolic compounds in foods","volume":"31","author":"Escarpa A","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Rev Anal Chemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0117","article-title":"Resveratrol suppresses colitis and colon cancer associated with colitis","volume":"3","author":"Cui X","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.01.025","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of resveratrol attenuates chronic colonic inflammation in mice","volume":"633","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Fidalgo S","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0014-2999","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2006.11.006","article-title":"Curcumin, a Curcuma longa constituent, acts on MAPK p38 pathway modulating COX-2 and iNOS expression in chronic experimental colitis","volume":"7","author":"Camacho-Barquero L","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.03.003","article-title":"Prophylactic role of curcumin in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis murine model","volume":"47","author":"Arafa HM","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0278-6915","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-86502010000500002","article-title":"The importance of oxygen free radicals in the etiopathogenesis of diversion colitis in rats","volume":"25","author":"Martinez CAR","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Cir Bras"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","article-title":"Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction","volume":"95","author":"Ohkawa H","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal Biochem","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-2697","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"272","article-title":"Evaluation of lipid peroxidation levels on mucosa colonic cells after application of hydrogen peroxide in enemas: experimental study in rats","volume":"30","author":"Marques LHS","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Bras Coloproctol"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i16.2371","article-title":"Radical induction theory of ulcerative colitis","volume":"11","author":"Pravda J","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01378.x","article-title":"Review article: oxidative stress as a pathogenic factor in inflammatory bowel disease: radicals or ridiculous","volume":"16","author":"Kruidenier L","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0269-2813","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-005-0024-y","article-title":"Clinical implications of oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy","volume":"7","author":"Dryden GW Jr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9622-2","article-title":"Oxidative stress and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease an epiphenomenon or the cause","volume":"52","author":"Rezaie A","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0163-2116","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90036-K","article-title":"Metabolism of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid by the rat colon produces reactive oxygen species","volume":"101","author":"Grisham MB","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-5085","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(97)00012-3","article-title":"Generation of nitro and superoxide radicals anions from 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid by rat gastrointestinal cells","volume":"1336","author":"Chamulitrat W","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0006-3002","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.04890.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress and metabolism in animal model of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium","volume":"22","author":"Damiani CR","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0815-9319","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.04.012","article-title":"Glutamine inhibits over-expression of pro-inflammatory genes and down-regulates the nuclear factor kappaB pathway in an experimental model of colitis in the rat","volume":"236","author":"Fillmann H","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-483X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06182.x","article-title":"Free radicals and antioxidants in the year 2000: A historical look to the future","volume":"899","author":"Gutteridge JM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0077-8923","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3816\/CCC.2008.n.034","article-title":"Analysis of oxidative DNA damage in patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"7","author":"Ribeiro ML","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Colorectal Cancer"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"222","article-title":"Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative stress, and aging","volume":"29","author":"Cadenas E","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Rad Biol Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00412-5","article-title":"The evolution of free radicals and oxidative stress","volume":"108","author":"McCord JM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9343","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2000.279.6.L1005","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in cell signaling","volume":"279","author":"Thannickal VJ","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/24.3.353","article-title":"Oxidative stress and ulcerative colitis-associated carcinogenesis: studies in humans and animal models","volume":"24","author":"Seril DN","year":"2003","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0143-3334","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200205000-00016","article-title":"Increased expression of extracellular glutathione peroxidase in mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced experimental colitis","volume":"51","author":"Tham DM","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0031-3998","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(02)00361-2","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"35","author":"Tuzu A","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Biochem","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0009-9120","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3109\/00365520903471572","article-title":"Inflammatory alterations in excluded colon in rats: a comparison with chemically-induced colitis","volume":"45","author":"Longatti TS","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0036-5521","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) can reduce levels of oxidative DNA damage in cells of colonic mucosa with and without fecal stream","author":"Caltabiano C","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0163-2116","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.8.929","article-title":"Optimum dosage of 5-aminosalicylic acid as rectal enemas in patients with active ulcerative colitis","volume":"32","author":"Campieri M","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gut","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-5749","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1983.tb02254.x","article-title":"Kinetics of 5-aminosalicylic acid after jejunal instillation in man","volume":"16","author":"Haagen Nielsen O","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0306-5251","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.9.5.741","article-title":"Ulcerative proctitis: a review of pharmacotherapy and management","volume":"9","author":"Lakatos PL","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-86502008000500005","article-title":"Evaluation by computerized morphometry of histopathological alterations of the colon wall in segments with and without intestinal transit in rats","volume":"23","author":"Sousa MV","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Cir Bras"}],"container-title":["Acta Cirurgica Brasileira"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/acb\/v26n4\/v26n4a08.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]],"date-time":"2019-06-13T20:22:00Z","timestamp":1560457320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-86502011000400008&lng=en&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0102-86502011000400008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0102-86502011000400008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0102-8650"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0102-8650","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}}}