{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T12:04:45Z","timestamp":1783166685500,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hist. cienc. saude-Manguinhos"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The global smallpox program is generally presented as the brainchild of a handful of actors from the WHO headquarters in Geneva and at the agency's regional offices. This article attempts to present a more complex description of the drive to eradicate smallpox. Based on the example of India, a major focus of the campaign, it is argued that historians and public health officials should recognize the varying roles played by a much wider range of participants. Highlighting the significance of both Indian and international field officials, the author shows how bureaucrats and politicians at different levels of administration and society managed to strengthen-yet sometimes weaken-important program components. Centrally dictated strategies developed at WHO offices in Geneva and New Delhi, often in association with Indian federal authorities, were reinterpreted by many actors and sometimes changed beyond recognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s0104-59702007000400002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,4]],"date-time":"2008-01-04T00:09:27Z","timestamp":1199405367000},"page":"1113-1129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Struggling to a monumental triumph: re-assessing the final phases of the smallpox eradication program in India, 1960-1980"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sanjoy","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"The eradication of smallpox from India","author":"Basu, R. N","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Memorandum from Director, Communicable Diseases Section, World Health Organization Headquarters (WHO HQ), Geneva, to Dr. C. Mani, Regional Director, South East Asia Regional Office (Searo)","author":"Bonne W","year":"1961"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Memorandum from Director, Communicable Diseases Section, WHO HQ, Geneva, to Dr. C. Mani, Regional Director, Searo, New Delhi, India","author":"Bonne W","year":"1961"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Letter from Medical Officer, Searo, to Mr. A.K. Chakravarty, Government of West Bengal","author":"Brilliant L. B","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Personal letter from Medical Officer, Searo, New Delhi, to WHO HQ","author":"Brilliant L. B","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Interview","author":"Dutta Mahendra","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Snakes and ladders: an untold story of the fight against smallpox in India","author":"Dutta Mahendra","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"National Smallpox Eradication Program in India","year":"1966"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Report of the Smallpox Worker's Conference (18-20 February. 1964)","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Personal letter from Regional Advisor, Smallpox Eradication, Searo, to I","author":"Grasset N","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Letter from Regional Advisor, Smallpox Eradication, Searo, to D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ and V.T.H. Gunaratne, Regional Director","author":"Grasset N","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Letter from Regional Advisor, Smallpox Eradication, Searo, to D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication Unit, WHO HQ","author":"Grasset N. c","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Personal and confidential letter from Regional Advisor, Smallpox Eradication, Searo, to D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ, Geneva","author":"Grasset N","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Letter from Regional Advisor, Smallpox Eradication, Searo, to D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ","author":"Grasset N","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Letter from Regional Advisor, Smallpox Eradication, Searo, to Mrs. I. Gandhi, Prime Minister, India","author":"Grasset N","year":"1972"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00035-6","article-title":"Intimidation, coercion and resistance in the final stages of the South Asian Smallpox Eradication Campaign, 1973-75","volume":"41","author":"Greenough P","year":"1995","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0037-7856","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Letter from Regional Director, Searo, to H. Mahler, Director General, WHO","author":"Gunaratne V.T.H","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Letter from Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ, to L.B. Brilliant, Michigan, USA","author":"Henderson D.A","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Letter from Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ, to Z. Jezek, Medical Officer, Searo","author":"Henderson D.A","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Personal letter from Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ, to Dr. N. Grasset, Regional Advisor, Smallpox Eradication, Searo","author":"Henderson D.A","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Personal letter from Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ, to Dr. N. Grasset, Regional Advisor, Smallpox Eradication, Searo","author":"Henderson D.A","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Personal letter from D.A. Henderson, Smallpox Eradication Unit, WHO HQ, to Dr. V.A. Muhopad, Lucknow, India","author":"Henderson D.A","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Personal letter from Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ, to Dr. A. Oles, Searo","author":"Henderson D.A","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Personal letter from Chief, Smallpox Eradication Unit, WHO HQ, Dr. Joel Brown, Los Angeles, USA","author":"Henderson D.A","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Letter from Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ, to the Surgeon General, United States Public Health Service, Bethesda","author":"Henderson D.A","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Letter from Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ, Geneva, to Dr. E. S. Tierkel, Usaid Office, American Embassy, New Delhi","author":"Henderson D.A","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Letter from Chief, Smallpox Eradication Program, WHO HQ, Geneva, to Dr. K.M. Lal, Government of India","author":"Henderson D.A","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Letter from N.K. Jungalwalla, Government of India, to Dr. D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ","author":"Jungalwalla N.K","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Letter from Director General, WHO, to K. Singh, Minister of Health and Family Planning, Government of India","author":"Mahler H","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Personal letter from Dr. N. Maltseva, Searo, to D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ","author":"Maltseva N","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Letter from Director, Searo, to the Ministry of Health and Family Planning, Government of India","author":"Mani C","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Memorandum from Searo, New Delhi, India, to D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Memorandum from Regional Director, Searo, New Delhi, to the Director, Communicable Diseases Section, WHO HQ, Geneva","year":"1961"},{"issue":"n1","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/006996679803200104","article-title":"Care, welfare, and treason: The advent of vaccination in the 19th century","volume":"32","author":"Naraindas Harish","year":"1998","journal-title":"Contributions to Indian Sociology"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"No smallpox in India","year":"1975","journal-title":"Hindustan Times"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Telegram from A.M.H. Payne, WHO HQ, Geneva, to the Regional Director, Searo","author":"Payne A.M.H","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Confidential: Smallpox in Bihar State of India during 1971","author":"Pifer John M","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Report 1961-62: Ministry of Health, Government of India","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Review on the situation of reporting of smallpox, investigation and containment of outbreaks, Bhopal Division","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Report on a visit to study the implementation of the National Smallpox Eradication Program in Jammu & Kashmir (November 12-27, 1972)","author":"Singh Mahendra","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Smallpox eradicated","year":"1975","journal-title":"National Herald"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Small-pox eradicated, claims minister","year":"1975","journal-title":"The Times of India"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Smallpox wiped out, says Karan Singh","year":"1975","journal-title":"The Indian Express"}],"container-title":["Hist\u00f3ria, Ci\u00eancias, Sa\u00fade-Manguinhos"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/hcsm\/v14n4\/01.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]],"date-time":"2017-05-25T22:28:34Z","timestamp":1495751314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-59702007000400002&lng=en&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0104-59702007000400002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0104-59702007000400002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0104-5970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0104-5970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}}}