{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:17:52Z","timestamp":1753888672357,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo"],"abstract":"<jats:p>ABSTRACT Trypanosoma cruzi infection involves transmission of metacyclic trypomastigotes through injured skin or mucosa via contaminated feces from insect vectors like Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811). Currently, there is insufficient information describing the immune response to feces naturally contaminated with metacyclic trypomastigotes. Mice subcutaneously inoculated with tissue-culture derived trypomastigotes (TCT) or T. dimidiata feces containing metacyclic trypomastigotes (MT) or previously multi-exposed (ME) with feces without metacyclic trypomastigotes and then infected with feces containing metacyclic parasites or only T. dimidiata feces (F) was studied from 15 min to three months post-infection. PCR detection of parasite DNA at the inoculation site demonstrated persistence of T. cruzi DNA up to 20 days in MT and TCT but disappeared earlier in the ME test group. A rapid spread of T. cruzi DNA to regional lymph nodes was observed in all experimental groups. A lower amount of amastigote nests in the heart with concomitant intense inflammation was noticed in ME mice in comparison to the MT group. CD4 + T cell subtypes at popliteal lymph nodes shows early Th1 and Th17 responses at seven days in ME mice, whereas Th1, Th17 and Treg predominate in MT mice after three weeks, and feces induces Th1, Th17 and Treg at a later stage. Our study shows that previous exposure to feces prior to infection with T. cruzi helps control parasitism at the inoculation site and in heart tissue, and an early induction of Th1 and Th17 T cell subtypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946202567005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T11:35:31Z","timestamp":1738582531000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunomodulatory effects of Triatoma dimidiata feces on Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a murine model"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7822-3030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Escobar-Laines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiscalia General del Estado,  Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2325-229X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Monteon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Campeche,  Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1050-845X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Sarmiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Campeche,  Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0075-2461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Macedo-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Estatal de Oncolog\u00eda,  Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9338-9312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Floribeth Le\u00f3n","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Campeche,  Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02422.x","article-title":"Patterns of house infestation dynamics by non-domiciliated Triatoma dimidiata reveal a spatial gradient of infestation in rural villages and potential insect manipulation by Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"15","author":"Ramirez-Sierra MJ","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0583","article-title":"High frequency of human blood in Triatoma dimidiata captured inside dwellings in a rural community in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, but low antibody seroprevalence and electrocardiographic findings compatible with Chagas disease in humans","volume":"88","author":"Monteon VM","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762013000400018","article-title":"Comparison of the infectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi insect-derived metacyclic trypomastigotes after mucosal and cutaneous contaminative challenges","volume":"108","author":"Eickhof CS","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00119-3","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi: skin penetration kinetics of vector-derived metacyclic trypomastigotes","volume":"30","author":"Schuster JP","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07516-5","article-title":"Natural infections with Trypanosoma cruzi via the skin of mice: size of mouthparts of vectors and numbers of invading parasites","volume":"121","author":"Waldeck B","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"193","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi: the early contact between insect-derived metacyclic trypomastigotes and the mammalian cells","volume":"65","author":"Monte\u00f3n V","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86821986000300007","article-title":"Penetra\u00e7\u00e3o do Trypanosoma cruzi atrav\u00e9s do ponto da picada de triatomineos","volume":"19","author":"Soares VA","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646830","article-title":"Dual role of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in Trypanosoma cruzi infection","volume":"47","author":"Poncini C","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.768566","article-title":"Early immune response elicited by different Trypanosoma cruzi infective stages","volume":"11","author":"Gutierrez BC","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"209","article-title":"Pre-exposure to faeces or saliva of Triatoma dimidiata decreases parasitemia in mice challenged with Trypanosoma cruzi: a description of the inflammatory reaction at the inoculation site","volume":"62","author":"Monteon V","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"367","article-title":"Feces from wild Triatoma dimidiata induces local inflammation and specific immune response in a murine model","volume":"64","author":"Monteon V","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760140404","article-title":"Atlas of Mexican Triatominae (Reduviidae: Hemiptera) and vector transmission of Chagas disease","volume":"110","author":"Ramsey J","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14040331","article-title":"Triatoma yelapensis sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from Mexico, with a key of Triatoma species recorded in Mexico","volume":"14","author":"T\u00e9llez-Rend\u00f3n J","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Temporal variation of Triatoma dimidiata abundance and infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in domestic and sylvatic habitats of rural Yucatan, Mexico","volume":"248","author":"Moo-Millan JI","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(88)90025-4","article-title":"Peculiar sequence organization of kinetoplast DNA mincircles from Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"27","author":"Degrave W","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0205","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction performance using Mexican and Guatemalan discrete typing unit I strains of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"11","author":"Ballinas-Verdugo M","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045991","article-title":"Confocal laser scanning microscopy evaluation of an acellular dermis tissue transplant (Epiflex \u00ae )","volume":"7","author":"Roessner ED","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjae012","article-title":"Highly abundant bacteria in the gut of Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) can inhibit the growth of Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae)","volume":"61","author":"Cambronero-Heinrichs JC","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006730","article-title":"Uncovering vector, parasite, blood meal and microbiome patterns from mixed-DNA specimens of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma dimidiata","volume":"12","author":"Orantes LC","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12050855","article-title":"Interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi, triatomines and the microbiota of the vectors: a review","volume":"12","author":"Schaub GA","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.897133","article-title":"Immunization with lipopolysaccharide-activated dendritic cells generates a specific CD8+ T cell response that confers partial protection against infection with Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"12","author":"Biscari L","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89053-2","article-title":"Dermal bacterial LPSstimulation reduces susceptibility to intradermal Trypanosoma brucei infection","volume":"11","author":"Alfituri OA","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC00876E","article-title":"Exhausted mature dendritic cells exhibit a slower and less persistent random motility but retain chemotaxis against CCL19","volume":"22","author":"Choi Y","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00601-22","article-title":"Delayed activation of T cells at the site of infection facilitates the establishment of Trypanosoma cruzi in both naive and immune hosts","volume":"8","author":"Padilla AM","year":"2023","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0477fje","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi induces edematogenic responses in mice and invades cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells in vitro by activating distinct kinin receptor (B1\/B2) subtypes","volume":"17","author":"Todorov AG","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Migratory dendritic cell s acquire and present lymphatic endothelial cell-archived antigens during lymph node contraction","volume":"8","author":"Kedl RM","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540701200084","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi: adhesion to the host cell and intracellular survival","volume":"59","author":"Alves MJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081187","article-title":"Endothelial transmigration by Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"8","author":"Coates BM","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822002000400010","article-title":"Comparison of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs inoculated with blood or metacyclic trypomastigotes of Berenice-62 and Berenice-78 strains via intraperitoneal and conjunctival routes","volume":"35","author":"Bahia MT","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004006833","article-title":"Description of inflammation and cytokine profile at the inoculation site and in heart tissue of mice re-infected with Trypanosoma cruzi vector derived-metacyclic trypomastigotes","volume":"130","author":"G\u00f3mez-Garcia L","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh.2009-03","article-title":"Cytokine expression at the inoculation site and nearby tissue an animal model infected with metacyclic trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"37","author":"Monte\u00f3n V","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"}],"container-title":["Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S0036-46652025000100203&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T11:35:45Z","timestamp":1738582545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-46652025000100203&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S0036-46652025000100203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1678-9946202567005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1678-9946"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1678-9946"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"e5"}}