{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:04:19Z","timestamp":1773414259213,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo"],"abstract":"<jats:p>ABSTRACT This study sought to understand how the application of hygiene and safety protocols by hotel companies in Sao Paulo city, Brazil, occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. The first objective of the study was to find, based on the information provided by employees who worked in certain hotels via questionnaires from March 2020 to December 2022, which protocols were applied in the studied period and which measures were definitively incorporated into the hygiene schemes of these hotels. Secondly, this study aimed to assess how the interaction and adaptations to the implemented hygiene protocols took place to find the measures that have become hygiene habits in everyday life. The literature on the applied health protocols during the pandemic was reviewed. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 421 respondents. This study found a significant association between sex and the adoption of protective measures during the pandemic. Women adhered more to protective measures than men, and this association remained after the pandemic. Employees who worked in the food and beverage area contracted COVID-19 more often than employees in other hotel areas. Those with higher education levels received more doses of COVID-19 vaccines than those with lower levels of education. Finally, this study found a direct relationship between the quality standard of the hotels and the frequency of training received by employees and a high adherence to vaccination against COVID-19 that was lower at higher educational levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946202668024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T11:05:21Z","timestamp":1773399921000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The COVID-19 pandemic in the hotel industry: the application of hygiene and safety protocols by hotel employees"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8479-0991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia Regina Rodrigues Sarralheiro","family":"Butuhy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1145-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Expedito Jos\u00e9 de Albuquerque","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil; Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Sindicato das Empresas de Hotelaria e Estabelecimentos de Hospedagem do Munic\u00edpio de S\u00e3o Paulo e Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana","journal-title":"Dados t\u00e9cnicos"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Booking.com"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Lodging industry in numbers: Brazil 2019"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Confira o protocolo de atendimento, limpeza e higieniza\u00e7\u00e3o do COVID-19 para o setor hoteleiro"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Orienta\u00e7\u00f5es para retomada segura das atividades: meios de hospedagem"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102636","article-title":"COVID-19 and China's hotel industry: impacts, a disaster management framework, and post-pandemic agenda","volume":"90","author":"Hao F","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Hosp Manag"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102707","article-title":"Hospitality and tourism industry amid COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives on challenges and learnings from India","volume":"92","author":"Kaushal V","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Hosp Manag"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102703","article-title":"COVID-19: the effects of job insecurity on the job engagement and turnover intent of deluxe hotel employees and the moderating role of generational characteristics","volume":"92","author":"Jung HS","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Hosp Manag"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020718","article-title":"Safety and health measures for COVID-19 transition period in the hotel industry in Spain","volume":"18","author":"Robina-Ram\u00edrez R","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102664","article-title":"Reducing perceived health risk to attract hotel customers in the COVID-19 pandemic era: focused on technology innovation for social distancing and cleanliness","volume":"91","author":"Shin H","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Hosp Manag"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102733","article-title":"Managing relationships in the tourism supply chain to overcome epidemic outbreaks: the case of COVID-19 and the hospitality industry in Spain","volume":"92","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Torres T","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Hosp Manag"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102702","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from the U.S. restaurant industry","volume":"92","author":"Song HJ","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Hosp Manag"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"100747","article-title":"Hotels in contexts of uncertainty: measuring organisational resilience","volume":"36","author":"Meli\u00e1n-Alzola L","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour Manag Perspect"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052232","article-title":"Lessons from the first wave of COVID-19: what security measures do women and men require from the hotel industry to protect against the pandemic?","volume":"18","author":"Rueda L\u00f3pez R","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2020.100911","article-title":"Modeling the lockdown relaxation protocols of the Philippine government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: an intuitionistic fuzzy DEMATEL analysis","volume":"72","author":"Ocampo L","year":"2020","journal-title":"Socioecon Plann Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2020.102951","article-title":"Outlook of tourism recovery amid an epidemic: importance of outbreak control by the government","volume":"86","author":"Fong LH","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Tour Res"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102854","article-title":"Why cleaning the invisible in restaurants is important during COVID-19: a case study of indoor air quality of an open-kitchen restaurant","volume":"94","author":"Chang HS","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Hosp Manag"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020427","article-title":"Validation and psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the coronavirus anxiety scale (CAS) and fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S) and associations with travel, tourism and hospitality","volume":"18","author":"Magano J","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"101042","article-title":"Investigating employees\u2019 deviant work behavior in the hotel industry during COVID-19: empirical evidence from an emerging country","volume":"44","author":"Dang-Van T","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tour Manag Perspect"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2478\/remav-2024-0008","article-title":"COVID-19 impact to retail, hospitality, and office space in Malaysia","volume":"32","author":"Isa AA","year":"2024","journal-title":"Real Estate Manage Valuation"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"32","article-title":"Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic health protocols on the hygiene status of swimming pools of hotel units","volume":"3","author":"Papadakis AA","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Int (Lond)"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2023.103550","article-title":"To Airbnb or not to Airbnb: does Airbnb feel safer than hotels during a pandemic?","volume":"114","author":"Guttentag DA","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Hosp Manag"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2021.103075","article-title":"The effect of COVID-19 on tourists\u2019 intention to resume hotel consumption: the role of resilience","volume":"99","author":"Peco-Torres F","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Hosp Manag"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4111","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084111","article-title":"Does international travel frequency affect COVID-19 biosecurity behavior in the United States?","volume":"18","author":"Kim MJ","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655860","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.655860","article-title":"The effects of COVID-19 risk perception on travel intention: evidence from Chinese travelers","volume":"12","author":"Meng Y","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2021.102872","article-title":"Use numbers not words! Communicating hotels\u2019 cleaning programs for COVID-19 from the brand perspective","volume":"94","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Barreto J","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Hosp Manag"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168964","article-title":"\u2018Small-scale\u2019 tourism versus traditional tourism: which will be the new key to achieving the desired sustainable tourism?","volume":"912","author":"Campos C","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261744","article-title":"A. Baseline knowledge and attitudes on COVID-19 among hotels\u2019 staff: a cross-sectional study in Kigali, Rwanda","volume":"16","author":"Hagabimana A","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020718","article-title":"Safety and health measures for COVID-19 transition period in the hotel industry in Spain","volume":"18","author":"Robina-Ram\u00edrez R","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6367","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126367","article-title":"Associations between indoor environmental quality and infectious diseases knowledge, beliefs, and practices of hotel workers in Wuhan, China","volume":"18","author":"Wang W","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000001713","article-title":"Preparing for the next pandemic: an after-action review of infection prevention and control audit strategies within airport and hotel quarantine program","volume":"29","author":"Jain S","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Public Health Manag Pract"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12177","article-title":"Risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in hospitality employees in a highly frequented tourist area","volume":"8","author":"Thiessen H","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052232","article-title":"Lessons from the first wave of COVID-19: what security measures do women and men require from the hotel industry to protect against the pandemic?","volume":"18","author":"L\u00f3pez RR","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9060772","article-title":"Assessing the knowledge, attitudes and practices of COVID-19 among quarantine hotel workers in China","volume":"9","author":"Teng YM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination willingness and reasons for vaccine refusal","volume":"6","author":"Lun P","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.17794","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Egypt: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Shawki MA","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Countries"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010103","article-title":"Perceived COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness, acceptance, and drivers of vaccination decision-making among the general adult population: a global survey of 20 countries","volume":"16","author":"Marzo RR","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2023.100413","article-title":"Identification of the drivers of and barriers to COVID-19 vaccine intake behavior using a mixed-method design: implications from a developing country","volume":"8","author":"Kordestani A","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Innov Knowl"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2024.100582","article-title":"Configurations of resourceful and demand attributes of organizational culture in US hotels: an innovative approach using topic modeling and fsQCA","volume":"9","author":"Lee KJ","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Innov Knowl"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"ICT and innovation in hotel management","volume":"3","author":"Palacios-Marqu\u00e9s D","year":"2024","journal-title":"Esic Market Econ Bus"}],"container-title":["Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S0036-46652026000100211&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T11:05:26Z","timestamp":1773399926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-46652026000100211&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0036-46652026000100211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1678-9946202668024","relation":{},"ISSN":["1678-9946"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1678-9946","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"e24"}}