{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:02:45Z","timestamp":1793156565654,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dement. neuropsychol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a neuropsychological assessment tool designed to assess executive functions, frequently used in cases of cognitive disorders. However, Brazilian neuroscientific settings lack standardization studies of psychological assessment instruments, especially in the neuropsychological area. Thus, the assessment of clinical groups including dementias and particularly Alzheimer\u00b4s disease (AD) patients, may be compromised by the lack of analytical references. Objective: To characterize the performance of elderly patients with Alzheimer\u00b4s disease on the WCST, aiming at establishing preliminary evaluative norms. Method: Thirty-six elderly patients (mean age of 75.8 years) with mild AD from a teaching hospital were assessed using the printed form of the WCST. Results: The elderly patients with AD had impaired performance on the various WCST technical indicators, highlighting cognitive deficit with traces of stereotyped behavior and failures in working memory, conceptualization and learning. The results allowed preliminary norms to be defined for elderly AD patients on the various WCST indicators, grading their performance in eight diagnostic areas and yielding the identification of different levels of impairment of executive functions in these elderly patients. Conclusions: The results demonstrated specific aspects of performance on the WCST by elderly people with AD, highlighting the effect of the disease on cognitive performance and executive functioning. Those normative references, although preliminary make a significant contribution to the neuropsychological assessment of AD patients in the Brazilian context, within the informative scope of the WCST.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s1980-57642008dn10200011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]],"date-time":"2017-06-14T23:36:33Z","timestamp":1497483393000},"page":"181-189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Typical performance of elderly patients with Alzheimer disease on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Humberto","family":"Silva-Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia Regina","family":"Pasian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco de Assis Carvalho do","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Tratado de Geriatria e Gerontologia","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Envelhecimento da popula\u00e7\u00e3o brasileira uma contribui\u00e7\u00e3o demogr\u00e1fica","author":"Camarano AA","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Brocklehurst\u00b4s Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology","first-page":"1513","volume-title":"Future prospects for geriatric medicine in developing countries","author":"Kalache A","year":"1999","edition":"5th"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Dem\u00eancia - Abordagem multidisciplinar","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Epidemiologia das Dem\u00eancias","author":"Nitrini R","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)","first-page":"131","year":"1994","edition":"4th"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Dem\u00eancia - Abordagem multidisciplinar","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Hist\u00f3rico da dem\u00eancia e dem\u00eancia na hist\u00f3ria conceitos e tend\u00eancias","author":"Caixeta L","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2002000100012","article-title":"Preval\u00eancia de dem\u00eancia em diversas regi\u00f5es do mundo - an\u00e1lise dos estudos epidemiol\u00f3gicos de 1994 a 2000","volume":"60","author":"Lopes MA","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-42302006000300014","article-title":"Doen\u00e7a de Alzheimer na vis\u00e3o de familiares de pacientes","volume":"52","author":"Vilela LP","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.18.2335","article-title":"Alzheimer Disease","volume":"287","author":"Cummings JL","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Dem\u00eancia - Abordagem Multidisciplinar","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Doen\u00e7a de Alzheimer: Sua hist\u00f3ria natural","author":"Brito-Marques PR","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Dem\u00eancia - Abordagem Multidisciplinar","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Doen\u00e7a de Alzheimer - Hist\u00f3rico, quadro cl\u00ednico e diagn\u00f3stico","author":"Bertolucci PHF","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/17.6.513","article-title":"Executive function deficits in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type A study with a Tower of London task","volume":"17","author":"Rainville C","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(95)00046-1","article-title":"Autobiographical memory and executive function in early dementia of Alzheimer type","volume":"33","author":"Greene JDW","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.42S03.2006016","article-title":"Transtornos de las fuciones ejecutivas","volume":"42","author":"Papazian O","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Neuropsychological Assessment","first-page":"42","author":"Lezak MD","year":"2004","edition":"4th"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309.1948.9918159","article-title":"A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking","volume":"39","author":"Berg EA","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. 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