{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:33:25Z","timestamp":1773160405083,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dement. neuropsychol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract This article reports the recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Brazil, with special focus on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). It constitutes a revision and broadening of the 2005 guidelines based on a consensus involving researchers (physicians and non-physicians) in the field. The authors carried out a search of articles published since 2005 on the MEDLINE, LILACS and Cochrane Library databases. The search criteria were pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of AD. Studies retrieved were categorized into four classes, and evidence into four levels, based on the 2008 recommendations of the American Academy of Neurology. The recommendations on therapy are pertinent to the dementia phase of AD. Recommendations are proposed for the treatment of BPSD encompassing both pharmacological (including acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, neuroleptics, anti-depressives, benzodiazepines, anti-convulsants plus other drugs and substances) and non-pharmacological (including education-based interventions, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, music therapy, therapy using light, massage and art therapy) approaches. Recommendations for the treatment of cognitive disorders of AD symptoms are included in a separate article of this edition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s1980-57642011dn05030006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,23]],"date-time":"2016-07-23T13:14:24Z","timestamp":1469279664000},"page":"189-197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Treatment of Alzheimer's disease in Brazil: II. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Francisco de Assis Carvalho do","family":"Vale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ylmar","family":"Corr\u00eaa Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Santa Catarina,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo Henrique Ferreira","family":"Bertolucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Carlos Barbosa","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Mater Dei,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delson Jos\u00e9 da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Goi\u00e1s,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasser","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcio Luiz Figueredo","family":"Balthazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Campinas,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1104","article-title":"Treatment of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations and suggestions of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology","volume":"63","author":"Engelhardt E","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000336535.27773.c0","article-title":"Practice parameters and technology assessments: what they are, what they are not, and why you should care","volume":"71","author":"Gronseth G","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000336533.19610.1b","article-title":"Lost in a jungle of evidence: we need a compass","volume":"71","author":"French J","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association workgroup","volume":"7","author":"McKhann GM","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDAWork Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"34","author":"McKhann G","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","article-title":"The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer's Association workgroup","volume":"7","author":"Albert MS","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.003","article-title":"Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association workgroup","volume":"7","author":"Sperling RA","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000112509","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric manifestations in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Apostolova LG","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref9","first-page":"S1139","article-title":"The pharmacoeconomics of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"6","author":"Fillit HM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2005.12.003","article-title":"Difficult behaviors in long-term care patients with dementia","volume":"7","author":"Buhr GT","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Interpretive guidelines for long-term care facilities. 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