{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:19:56Z","timestamp":1787023196775,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract Balantidium coli is a protozoon that can cause dysentery in humans, pigs and nonhuman primates, with zoonotic potential. In the literature, there is still little information on the effectiveness of different laboratory techniques for diagnosing this disease. This study compared and evaluated the performance of the Lutz, modified Ritchie, Faust, modified Sheather and direct examination techniques for detecting cysts of this protozoon. Between 2012 and 2014, 1905 fecal samples were collected from captive animals in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Of these, 790 were obtained from the rectum of pigs and 1115 from enclosures occupied by nonhuman primates. B. coli cysts were most evident through direct examination (22.4% of the samples) and the Lutz technique (21%). Fair agreement (Kappa = 0.41; p &lt; 0.05) was observed only between direct examination and Lutz. The flotation techniques (Faust and modified Sheather) did not show good recovery of cysts. A statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) in the frequency of cysts between pigs and nonhuman primates could only be observed through direct examination and the Lutz technique. The most efficient method for diagnosing this parasitosis was seen to an association between direct examination and the spontaneous sedimentation technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612016044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]],"date-time":"2016-08-26T15:00:39Z","timestamp":1472223639000},"page":"286-292","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Comparison of five parasitological techniques for laboratory diagnosis of Balantidium coli cysts"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Alynne da Silva","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otilio Machado Pereira","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Maria Antunes","family":"Uch\u00f4a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alcides","family":"Pissinatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusto C\u00e9sar Machado Pereira","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igo Vieira de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"La\u00eds Verdan","family":"Dib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduarda Peixoto","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayara Perlingeiro de","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus Lessa","family":"Cardozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Regina Reis","family":"Amendoeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.10336","article-title":"Pulmonary Balantidium coli infection in leukemic patient","volume":"73","author":"Anargyrou K","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-2867(03)00076-8","article-title":"Optimal fecal assessment","volume":"18","author":"Broussard JD","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","first-page":"75","article-title":"Diagn\u00f3stico coproparasitol\u00f3gico: estudo comparativo entre os m\u00e9todos de Faust e Cols., Lutz, Baermann e Moraes e Coprotest","volume":"34","author":"Carvalho FM","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Bras Anal Cl\u00edn"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Identificaci\u00f3n de Balantidium coli en personas dedicadas a la porcicultura en el cant\u00f3n balsas durante septiembre 2012 a febrero 2013","author":"Castillo KES","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"5","article-title":"Coprotest: reliable methodology for stool testing","volume":"51","author":"Cerqueira FL","year":"1988","journal-title":"Laes"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","first-page":"15","article-title":"Comparison of common fecal flotation techniques for the recovery of parasite eggs and oocysts","volume":"6","author":"Dryden MW","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.22.4.666-667.1985","article-title":"Examination of preserved stool specimens for parasites: lack of value of the direct wet mount","volume":"22","author":"Estevez GE","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1938.s1-18.169","article-title":"A critical study of clinical laboratory technics for the diagnosis of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs in feces. I. Preliminary communication","volume":"18","author":"Faust EC","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.11.026","article-title":"Comparison of the performance of two spontaneous sedimentation techniques for the diagnosis of human intestinal parasites in the absence of a gold standard","volume":"131","author":"Gon\u00e7alves AQ","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Balantidium spp. en cerdos y sus criadores: Prevalencia em comunidades de dos Estados de Venezuela","volume":"54","author":"Guzm\u00e1n CR","year":"2013","journal-title":"VITAE"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.10.007","article-title":"Diagnostics are central for a truly holistic approach against intestinal parasitic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Harhay MO","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","first-page":"135","article-title":"Compara\u00e7\u00e3o da efici\u00eancia da t\u00e9cnica de sedimenta\u00e7\u00e3o pelo formalde\u00eddo-\u00e9ter e da t\u00e9cnica de centr\u00edfugo-flutua\u00e7\u00e3o modificada na detec\u00e7\u00e3o de cistos de Giardia sp. e oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp. em amostras fecais de bezerros","volume":"12","author":"Huber F","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis JR","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.07.015","article-title":"Intestinal parasites in various animals at a zoo in Malaysia","volume":"157","author":"Lim YAL","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761919000100006","article-title":"Schistosomum mansoni e a Schistosomatose segundo observa\u00e7\u00f5es, feitas no Brazil","volume":"11","author":"Lutz AOO","year":"1919","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1969","article-title":"Aspectos parasitol\u00f3gicos na balantid\u00edase humana","volume":"75","author":"Machado O","year":"1969","journal-title":"O Hospital"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822001000100014","article-title":"Compara\u00e7\u00e3o de quatro m\u00e9todos laboratoriais para diagn\u00f3stico da Giardia lamblia em fezes de crian\u00e7as residentes em Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1","volume":"34","author":"Machado RLD","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1590\/1808-1657v67n2p1992000","article-title":"Parasitas intestinais em su\u00ednos confinados nos Estados de S\u00e3o Paulo e Minas Gerais","volume":"67","author":"Nishi SM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","first-page":"24","article-title":"Occurence of shistosomiasis and the others intestinal parasites in children and teenager of a public school in Jequi\u00e9, Bahia, Brazil","volume":"6","author":"Pereira C.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Sa\u00fade.com"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.09.023","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in primate bushmeat and pets in Cameroon","volume":"175","author":"Pourrut X","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.131.4.71","article-title":"Validation of a centrifugation\/flotation technique for the diagnosis of equine cestodiasis","volume":"131","author":"Proudman CJ","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref22","first-page":"326","article-title":"An ether sedimentation technique for routine stool examinations","volume":"8","author":"Ritchie LS","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bull US Army Med Dep"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00021-08","article-title":"Current world status of Balantidium coli.","volume":"21","author":"Schuster FL","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(23)80052-2","article-title":"The detection of intestinal protozoa and monge parasites by a flotation technique","volume":"36","author":"Sheather AT","year":"1923","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.05.012","article-title":"Zoonotic implications of the swine-transmitted protozoal infections","volume":"140","author":"Solaymani-Mohammadi S","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Compara\u00e7\u00e3o entre t\u00e9cnicas coproparasitol\u00f3gicas no diagn\u00f3stico de ovos de helmintos e oocistos de protozo\u00e1rios em c\u00e3es","volume":"15","author":"T\u00e1paro CV","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.09.003","article-title":"Estimating the sensitivity and specificity of Kato-Katz stool examination technique for detection of hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections in humans in the absence of a \u2018gold standard\u2019","volume":"40","author":"Tarafder MR","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.13.5.882-884.1981","article-title":"Comparison of formalin-ethyl ether sedimentation, formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation, and zinc sulfate flotation techniques for detection of intestinal parasites","volume":"13","author":"Truant AL","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref29","first-page":"119","article-title":"Colitis balantidi\u00e1sica: a prop\u00f3sito de un caso fatal en el departamento de Huancavelica","volume":"60","author":"V\u00e1squez W","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anales Facul Med Sao Marcos"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.030","article-title":"Survey of intestinal parasites in pigs from intensive farms in Guangdong Province, People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"127","author":"Weng YB","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1998.11813278","article-title":"The distribution of Schistosoma japonicum eggs in feces and the effect of stirring fecal specimens","volume":"92","author":"Ye XP","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.10.6.852-853.1979","article-title":"Ethyl acetate as a substitute for diethyl ether in the formalin-ether sedimentation technique","volume":"10","author":"Young KH","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Parasitic protozoa","first-page":"633","volume-title":"Balantidium coli","author":"Zaman V","year":"1978"}],"container-title":["Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterin\u00e1ria"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/rbpv\/v25n3\/1984-2961-rbpv-S1984-29612016044.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T10:40:29Z","timestamp":1749552029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-29612016000300286&lng=en&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,25]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1984-29612016000300286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1984-29612016044","relation":{},"ISSN":["1984-2961","0103-846X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1984-2961","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0103-846X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,25]]}}}