{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:35:47Z","timestamp":1790638547741,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. In cetaceans, T. gondii infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite the worldwide range and broad cetacean host record of T. gondii infection, there is limited information on toxoplasmosis in cetaceans from the Southern hemisphere. We investigated the occurrence of T. gondii by histopathology and immunohistochemistry in tissue samples of 185 animals comprising 20 different cetacean species from Brazil. Three out of 185 (1.6%) animals presented T. gondii-associated lesions: a captive killer whale Orcinus orca, a free-ranging common bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus and a free-ranging Guiana dolphin Sotalia guianensis. The main lesions observed in these animals were necrotizing hepatitis, adrenalitis and lymphadenitis associated with protozoal cysts or extracellular tachyzoites presenting immunolabeling with anti-T. gondii antibodies. This study widens the spectrum of species and the geographic range of this agent in Brazil, and provides the first reports of T. gondii infection in a captive killer whale and in a free-ranging common bottlenose dolphin in South America.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612019051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T13:26:12Z","timestamp":1565961972000},"page":"395-402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii in cetaceans of Brazil: a histopathological and immunohistochemical survey"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0294-1870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samira","family":"Costa-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Sacrist\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Gonzales-Viera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California,  USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"D\u00edaz-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica Mar\u00eda","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Sarmiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Marigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1tia Regina","family":"Groch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitor Luz","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Pesquisa e Preserva\u00e7\u00e3o de Ecossistemas Aqu\u00e1ticos,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"Ewbank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana Castaldo","family":"Colosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Baleia Jubarte,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milton C\u00e9sar Calzavara","family":"Marcondes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Baleia Jubarte,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina Oliveira de","family":"Meirelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Pesquisa e Preserva\u00e7\u00e3o de Ecossistemas Aqu\u00e1ticos,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina P.","family":"Bertozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Lailson-Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre de Freitas","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ria","family":"Ruoppolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Estudos de Mam\u00edferos Aqu\u00e1ticos do Rio Grande do Sul,  Brasil; Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Henrique","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Estudos de Mam\u00edferos Aqu\u00e1ticos do Rio Grande do Sul,  Brasil; Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luiz","family":"Cat\u00e3o-Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000200023","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water: proposition of a strategy and evaluation in Champagne-Ardenne region, France","volume":"104","author":"Aubert D","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","first-page":"459","article-title":"Toxoplasmose em Sotalia guianensis (Van Beneden, 1863, Cetacea-Delphinidae)","volume":"75","author":"Bandoli JG","year":"1977","journal-title":"Folha Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.06.009","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in three common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): a first description from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea","volume":"258","author":"Bigal E","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810388525","article-title":"Marine mammals as sentinel species for oceans and human health","volume":"48","author":"Bossart GD","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Primates, pathogens, and evolution","first-page":"253","volume-title":"Neotropical primates and their susceptibility to Toxoplasma gondii: new insights of an old problem","author":"Cat\u00e3o-Dias ZL","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00600-8","article-title":"Neosporosis as a cause of abortion in dairy cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil","volume":"103","author":"Corbellini LG","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref7","first-page":"213","article-title":"Cysts of a Toxoplasma-like organism in an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin","volume":"31","author":"Cruickshank JJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.136.17.439","article-title":"Post mortem investigations on cetaceans found stranded on the coasts of Italy between 1990 and 1993","volume":"136","author":"Di Guardo G","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813486816","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: clues from stranded dolphins","volume":"50","author":"Di Guardo G","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985809358036","article-title":"Cerebral toxoplasmosis in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) stranded along the Ligurian Sea coast of Italy","volume":"47","author":"Di Guardo G","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1444.1","article-title":"Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)","volume":"94","author":"Dubey JP","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-155R","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in an elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris)","volume":"90","author":"Dubey JP","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1764.1","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in captive dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)","volume":"95","author":"Dubey JP","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2008.00345.x","article-title":"The history of Toxoplasma gondii - The first 100 years","volume":"55","author":"Dubey JP","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001142","article-title":"Polyparasitism is associated with increased disease severity in Toxoplasma gondii-infected marine sentinel species","volume":"5","author":"Gibson AK","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.09.012","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in a Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) from Paran\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"191","author":"Gonzales-Viera O","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2003.131557","article-title":"Novel cetacean morbillivirus in Guiana dolphin, Brazil","volume":"20","author":"Groch KR","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-26.3.377","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in Atlantic bottle-nosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)","volume":"26","author":"Inskeep 2nd W","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03262","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in stranded St. Lawrence Estuary beluga Delphinapterus leucas in Quebec, Canada","volume":"130","author":"Iqbal A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0197:CTIAIP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis in a Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus)","volume":"88","author":"Jardine JE","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"s1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00688.x","article-title":"Sporulation and survival of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in seawater","volume":"50","author":"Lindsay DS","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Histopathologic methods and color atlas of special stains and tissue artifacts","author":"Luna LG","year":"1992"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-20","article-title":"Dolphin morbillivirus and Toxoplasma gondii coinfection in a Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus)","volume":"8","author":"Mazzariol S","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589902700615","article-title":"Fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis in a Spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris)","volume":"27","author":"Migaki G","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.1999.0341","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from St Lawrence Estuary: two case reports and a serological survey","volume":"122","author":"Mikaelian I","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.01.015","article-title":"Transplacental toxoplasmosis in a wild southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis)","volume":"153","author":"Miller M","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) as marine ecosystem sentinels: ecotoxicology and emerging diseases","volume":"228","author":"Moura JF","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-197R","article-title":"The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild and captive cetaceans from Japan","volume":"90","author":"Murata K","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"On a new protozoan in gundis (Toxoplasma N. Gen)","volume":"104","author":"Nicolle MC","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.68.523","article-title":"Investigation for presence of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Brucella-species infection in killer whales (Orcinus orca) mass-stranded on the coast of Shiretoko, Hokkaido, Japan","volume":"68","author":"Omata Y","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"300","article-title":"PAS-positive structures of nonglycogenic character in normal and abnormal liver","volume":"70","author":"Popper H","year":"1960","journal-title":"Arch Pathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref32","first-page":"428","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in dolphins stranded along the Tuscan coast, Italy","volume":"161","author":"Pretti C","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Med Vet"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2015.06.008","article-title":"Retrospective seroepidemiological investigations against morbillivirus, Toxoplasma gondii and Brucella spp. in cetaceans stranded along the Italian coastline (1998-12014)","volume":"101","author":"Profeta F","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[1029:DTIAMP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Disseminated toxoplasmosis in a Mediterranean pregnant Risso\u2019s dolphin (Grampus griseus) with transplacental fetal infection","volume":"88","author":"Resendes AR","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.11.001","article-title":"An atypical genotype of Toxoplasma gondii as a cause of mortality in Hector\u2019s dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori)","volume":"192","author":"Roe WD","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04350.x","article-title":"Emerging morbillivirus infections of marine mammals: development of two diagnostic approaches","volume":"969","author":"Saliki JT","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.06.007","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free-living Amazon River dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) from central Amazon, Brazil","volume":"183","author":"Santos PS","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4177","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12685","article-title":"Surveillance for Toxoplasma gondii in California mussels (Mytilus californianus) reveals transmission of atypical genotypes from land to sea","volume":"17","author":"Shapiro K","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02906-13","article-title":"Retrospective study of etiologic agents associated with nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis in stranded cetaceans in the Canary Islands","volume":"52","author":"Sierra E","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new protozoan parasite of rabbit found in histological lesions similar to human Kala-Azar","volume":"104","author":"Splendore A","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"12-13","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"Tenter AM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02101","article-title":"Emerging infectious diseases in cetaceans worldwide and the possible role of environmental stressors","volume":"86","author":"Van Bressem MF","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-004-0094-6","article-title":"Bottlenose dolphins as marine ecosystem sentinels: developing health monitoring system","volume":"1","author":"Wells RS","year":"2004","journal-title":"EcoHealth"}],"container-title":["Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterin\u00e1ria"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/rbpv\/v28n3\/1984-2961-rbpv-S1984-29612019051.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T16:59:24Z","timestamp":1581094764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-29612019000300395&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1984-29612019000300395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1984-29612019051","relation":{},"ISSN":["1984-2961","0103-846X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1984-2961","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0103-846X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}}}