{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T12:09:01Z","timestamp":1785240541591,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract Canine visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic zoonosis in Brazil. Dogs are the main hosts in urban environments. The treatment has gained popularity since the Brazilian government authorized miltefosine for canine treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and parasitological impact of short-term treatment with miltefosine and allopurinol, alone and in combination. We evaluated the ability of pharmacotherapy to reduce clinical signs of disease, antibody levels using the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and skin parasite load via qPCR after 28 days of treatment. The therapeutic protocols promoted a significant decline in clinical signs and in the skin parasite load in dogs (p &lt; 0.01). We observed a moderate correlation between the skin parasite load and the clinical score in all three treatment groups (r &gt; 0.5) Antibody levels did not decrease in this short period. It was concluded that the treatment with allopurinol reduced the number of parasites in the skin of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis in the short term. However, its efficiency is potentiated when associated with miltefosine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612022040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T07:46:12Z","timestamp":1659512772000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Clinical and parasitological impact of short-term treatment using miltefosine and allopurinol monotherapy or combination therapy in canine visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Eveline da Cruz Boa Sorte","family":"Ayres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro Felipe de Lima Ruy","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna Ribeiro Gomes","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Szimanski","family":"Pazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateus Elias Chagas","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eveliny Barroso da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Felipe da Cruz","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ria R\u00e9gia Franco","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ria","family":"Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Nakazato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6694-1407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023090929302","article-title":"Distribution and relationships between clinical and biopathological parameters in canine leishmaniasis","volume":"18","author":"Amusategui I","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2-4","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.009","article-title":"Evaluation of miltefosine for the treatment of dogs naturally infected with L. infantum (= L. chagasi) in Brazil","volume":"181","author":"Andrade HM","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2701","article-title":"Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Area of Sporadic Transmission in Brazil","volume":"21","author":"Borges LM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Manual de Vigil\u00e2ncia e Controle de Leishmaniose Visceral","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Guia de vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade","year":"2019","edition":"3."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612014008","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in Jaciara, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2003 to 2012","volume":"23","author":"Brito VN","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Correlations between tissue parasite load and common clinical signs in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum.","volume":"291","author":"Chagas \u00daMR","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.141.21.539","article-title":"A retrospective clinical study of canine leishmaniasis in 150 dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum.","volume":"141","author":"Ciaramella P","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Control of visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa: fragile progress, new threats","volume":"6","author":"Dahl EH","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.08.007","article-title":"Canine leishmaniosis in the Old and New Worlds: unveiled similarities and differences","volume":"28","author":"Dantas-Torres F","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"3","article-title":"Seroprevalence and spatial analysis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the Pantanal region, Mato Grosso State, Brazil","volume":"1","author":"Dias AFLR","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Zoonotic Dis Public Health"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Comparative study of the use of miltefosine, miltefosine plus allopurinol, and allopurinol in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"217","author":"Dias \u00c1FLR","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks275","article-title":"Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis","volume":"67","author":"Dorlo TP","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.011","article-title":"Advantages of real-time PCR assay for diagnosis and monitoring of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"137","author":"Francino O","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03649.x","article-title":"Use of allopurinol for maintenance of remission in dogs with leishmaniasis","volume":"39","author":"Ginel PJ","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9100809","article-title":"One health approach to leishmaniases: understanding the disease dynamics through diagnostic tools","volume":"9","author":"Hong A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.577395","article-title":"Comparison of two dosing regimens of miltefosine, both in combination with allopurinol, on clinical and parasitological findings of dogs with leishmaniosis: a pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Iarussi F","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107903","article-title":"A randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial comparing the efficacy of aminosidine (paromomycin)-allopurinol combination with the efficacy of meglumine antimoniate-allopurinol combination for the treatment of canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum.","volume":"214","author":"Kasabalis D","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00399-5","article-title":"A randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial with allopurinol in canine leishmaniosis","volume":"98","author":"Koutinas AF","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.1.210-215.2002","article-title":"Comparison of six PCR methods using peripheral blood for detection on canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"40","author":"Lachaud L","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.03.615","article-title":"Use of allopurinol to treat visceral leishmaniosis in a dog","volume":"209","author":"Lester SJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0896-0","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of dogs with leishmaniosis treated with meglumine antimoniate plus allopurinol versus miltefosine plus allopurinol","volume":"8","author":"Manna L","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1428.018","article-title":"Leishmania DNA quantification by Real-time PCR in naturally infected dogs treated with Miltefosine","volume":"1149","author":"Manna L","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.12.009","article-title":"Evidence for a relationship between Leishmania load and clinical manifestations","volume":"87","author":"Manna L","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.01.022","article-title":"Current status and management of canine leishmaniasis in Latin America","volume":"123","author":"Marcondes M","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-52","article-title":"Infectivity to Phlebotomus perniciosus of dogs naturally parasitized with Leishmania infantum after different treatments","volume":"4","author":"Mir\u00f3 G","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2009.00824.x","article-title":"Multicentric, controlled clinical study to evaluate effectiveness and safety of miltefosine and allopurinol for canine leishmaniosis","volume":"20","author":"Mir\u00f3 G","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Allopurinol therapy provides long term clinical improvement, but additional immunotherapy is required for sustained parasite clearance, in L. infantum-infected dogs","volume":"4","author":"Nascimento LFM","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine: X"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3323-0","article-title":"Use of miltefosine to treat canine visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Nogueira FS","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2005.00460.x","article-title":"Treatment of canine old world visceral leishmaniasis: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Noli C","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6038-9","article-title":"Comparative analysis of real-time PCR assays in the detection of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"117","author":"Nunes JB","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-005-0067-4","article-title":"Real-time PCR in dogs treated for leishmaniasis with allopurinol","volume":"29","author":"Pennisi MG","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Failure of miltefosine treatment in two dogs with natural Leishmania infantum infection","volume":"2014","author":"Proverbio D","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep Vet Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.05.008","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: identification of Leishmania species by PCR-RFLP and quantification of parasite DNA by real-time PCR","volume":"111","author":"Quaresma PF","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3296893","article-title":"Canine Leishmaniasis: an overview of the current status and strategies for control","volume":"2018","author":"Ribeiro RR","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual","author":"Sambrook J","year":"2001","edition":"2nd"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of a mixed formulation of conventional and PEGylated Liposomes containing meglumine antimoniate, combined with allopurinol, in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum.","volume":"64","author":"Santos CCP","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1957","key":"ref39","article-title":"Does deforestation drive visceral leishmaniasis transmission? A causal analysis","volume":"288","author":"Santos CVB","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Royal Soc B"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00362","article-title":"Meglumine antimoniate and miltefosine combined with allopurinol sustain pro-inflammatory immune environments during canine leishmaniosis treatment","volume":"6","author":"Santos MF","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009366","article-title":"Leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism","volume":"15","author":"Scorza BM","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref42","article-title":"How much does it cost to prevent and control visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil? Comparing different measures in dogs","volume":"15","author":"Sev\u00e1 ADP","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.010","article-title":"Development of miltefosine as an oral treatment for leishmaniasis","volume":"100","author":"Sindermann H","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.05.022","article-title":"Directions for the diagnosis, clinical staging, treatment, and prevention of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"165","author":"Solano-Gallego L","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12484","article-title":"Adverse urinary effects of allopurinol in dogs with leishmaniasis","volume":"57","author":"Torres M","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.139.11.264-a","article-title":"Antibody kinetics during allopurinol treatment in canine leishmaniasis","volume":"139","author":"Vercammen F","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00178-X","article-title":"Follow-up of Leishmania infantum naturally infected dogs treated with allopurinol: immunofluorescence antibody test, ELISA and Western blot","volume":"84","author":"Vercammen F","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1404-2","article-title":"Clinical efficacy, and tolerance of miltefosine in the treatment of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"105","author":"Woerly V","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref49","series-title":"Leishmaniasis","year":"2021"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005910","article-title":"Induction of allopurinol resistance in Leishmania infantum isolated from dogs","volume":"11","author":"Yasur-Landau D","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterin\u00e1ria"],"original-title":["Impacto cl\u00ednico e parasitol\u00f3gico do tratamento de curta dura\u00e7\u00e3o com miltefosina e alopurinol em monoterapia ou terapia combinada na leishmaniose visceral canina"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S1984-29612022000300305&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T15:59:00Z","timestamp":1727711940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-29612022000300305&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"alternative-id":["S1984-29612022000300305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1984-29612022040","relation":{},"ISSN":["1984-2961","0103-846X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1984-2961","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0103-846X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"article-number":"e007222"}}