{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:18:15Z","timestamp":1753888695217,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract A serologic and epidemiologic study was carried out in order to determinate herd and animal seroprevalence and associated factors for Toxoplasma gondii in commercial pigs from Esp\u00edrito Santo state, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 416 pigs from 55 producer farms in 27 municipalities. An indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) was performed to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii and identify the associated risk factors using a questionnaire. The T. gondii antibody prevalence rate in commercial swine herds was 15.4% (64\/416) using a cutoff of 1:64. The seropositivity for T. gondii was related to the presence of cats, water origin and age of swine in the increase of seroprevalence, and the existence of internal isolation fences and use of composting chambers as protective factors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report anti- T. gondii antibodies in the serum of pigs in the state of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil. This finding is important to public health because seropositive pigs can harbor tissue cysts in their meat, thereby representing a zoonotic risk for consumers of raw or undercooked porcine meat or its products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612023060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T11:18:24Z","timestamp":1699874304000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii infection in pig intended for human consumption: seroprevalence, risk factors and influence of biosecurity measures"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5274-5133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agostinho Sergio","family":"Scofano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Defesa Agropecu\u00e1ria e Florestal,  Brasil; Universidade Federal Fluminense,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0481-4373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor Falco","family":"Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1120-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica Nogueira","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Defesa Agropecu\u00e1ria e Florestal,  Brasil; Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0582-5098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie Costa da","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Fluminense,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2316-8933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmiro Rosendo do","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Fluminense,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0867-1445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Regina Reis","family":"Amendoeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4661-672X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia Riddell","family":"Millar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Fluminense,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.19980024","article-title":"Toxoplasmose ocular em Venda Nova do Imigrante, ES, Brasil","volume":"61","author":"Abreu MT","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612016075","article-title":"Occurrence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dogs from rural properties surrounding a biological reserve, Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brasil","volume":"25","author":"Acosta ICL","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"From weaning to breeding age: presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in sheep in the state of Esp\u00edrito Santo, southeastern Brazil","volume":"24","author":"Acosta ICL","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.10.019","article-title":"Foodborne transmission of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the last decade: an overview","volume":"135","author":"Almeria S","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"122","article-title":"Soropreval\u00eancia de toxoplasmose em gestantes atendidas na Rede B\u00e1sica de Sa\u00fade de Vit\u00f3ria, ES","volume":"87","author":"Areal KR","year":"2008","journal-title":"NewsLab"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2021049","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in domiciled dogs and cats in urban areas of Brazil: risk factors and spatial distribution","volume":"28","author":"Arruda IF","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"year":"2022","series-title":"Relat\u00f3rio anual","key":"ref7"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14214","article-title":"Epidemiological study of toxoplasmosis outbreaks in Brazil","volume":"69","author":"Balbino LS","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2014.11.017","article-title":"Involvement of Toxoplasma gondii in reproductive disorders in Swiss pig farms","volume":"64","author":"Basso W","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.03.053","article-title":"Seroprevalence and isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from free-range chickens from Esp\u00edrito Santo state, southeastern Brazil","volume":"188","author":"Beltrame MAV","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4322\/rbpv.01803015","article-title":"Detec\u00e7\u00e3o de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em su\u00ednos criados e abatidos no Estado da Bahia, Brasil","volume":"18","author":"Bezerra RA","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"journal-title":"Di\u00e1rio Oficial da Rep\u00fablica Federativa do Brasil","article-title":"Instru\u00e7\u00e3o Normativa n\u00ba 19, de 15 de fevereiro de 2002. Normas para Certifica\u00e7\u00e3o de Granjas de Reprodutores Su\u00eddeos","year":"2002","key":"ref12"},{"journal-title":"Di\u00e1rio Oficial da Rep\u00fablica Federativa do Brasil","article-title":"Instru\u00e7\u00e3o Normativa n\u00ba 44, de 4 de dezembro de 2017. Estabelece as normas para a Certifica\u00e7\u00e3o Sanit\u00e1ria da Compartimenta\u00e7\u00e3o da Cadeia Produtiva de Su\u00ednos","year":"2017","key":"ref13"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","first-page":"117","article-title":"Improved technique of indirect immunofluorescence for serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis","volume":"6","author":"Camargo ME","year":"1964","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.104854","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in extensively raised Iberian pigs in Spain","volume":"175","author":"Castillo-Cuenca JC","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07245-1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors in domestic pigs raised from Cuba","volume":"120","author":"Castillo-Cuenca JC","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352008000100006","article-title":"Risk factors for infection by Toxoplasma gondii in herds of goats in Cear\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"60","author":"Cavalcante ACR","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.07.016","article-title":"Cross-sectional survey in pig breeding farms in Hesse, Germany: seroprevalence and risk factors of infections with Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp. and Neospora caninum in sows","volume":"126","author":"Damriyasa IM","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109185","article-title":"All about Toxoplasma gondii infections in pigs: 2009\u20132020","volume":"288","author":"Dubey JP","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"2-4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.05.018","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in pigs-The last 20 years","volume":"164","author":"Dubey JP","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.07.017","article-title":"High genetic diversity in Toxoplasma gondii isolates from pigs at slaughterhouses in Para\u00edba state, northeastern Brazil: circulation of new genotypes and Brazilian clonal lineages","volume":"244","author":"Feitosa TF","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","first-page":"384","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: isolation, biological and molecular characterisation of samples from free-range Gallus gallus domesticus from countryside Southeast Brazil","volume":"27","author":"Ferreira TCR","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in cats in Esp\u00edrito Santo State, Brazil","volume":"4","author":"Fux B","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5736-z","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection and biosecurity levels in fattening pigs and sows: serological and molecular epidemiology in the intensive pig industry (Lombardy, Northern Italy)","volume":"117","author":"Gazzonis AL","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.05.010","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: pig seroprevalence, associated risk factors and viability in fresh pork meat","volume":"224","author":"Herrero L","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.06.002","article-title":"Control of the risk of human toxoplasmosis transmitted by meat","volume":"38","author":"Kijlstra A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-296120201085","article-title":"Occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in pigs in the state of Par\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"30","author":"Lopes LM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2008000100002","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: estudo soro-epidemiol\u00f3gico de su\u00ednos da regi\u00e3o Sudoeste do Estado do Paran\u00e1","volume":"28","author":"Millar PR","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pesq Vet Bras"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-1613-2013","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant and postpartum women attended at public healthcare facilities in the City of Niter\u00f3i, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"46","author":"Moura FL","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref30","first-page":"2029","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in cattle and buffaloes in the state of Par\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"39","author":"Oliveira JP","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semina: Ci\u00eanc Agr\u00e1r"},{"issue":"3&#8211;4","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.10.018","article-title":"Infection dynamic of Toxoplasma gondii in two fattening pig farms exposed to high and low cat density in an endemic region","volume":"175","author":"Ortega-Pacheco A","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2021.0039","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in swine: implications for public health","volume":"18","author":"Papatsiros VG","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"1&#8211;3","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.10.004","article-title":"PCR-RFLP genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from chickens from Esp\u00edrito Santo state, Southeast region, Brazil: new genotypes and a new SAG3 marker allele","volume":"192","author":"Pena HFJ","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","first-page":"31","article-title":"Assessment of biosecurity levels in pig farms in the Northwestern region in the State of Parana, Brazil","volume":"3","author":"Rosa G","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journ Inter Bioc"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1590\/1808-1657000742012","article-title":"Zoonoses parasit\u00e1rias veiculadas por alimentos de origem animal: revis\u00e3o sobre a situa\u00e7\u00e3o no Brasil","volume":"81","author":"Rossi GAM","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arq Inst Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3032.1","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in slaughtered pigs in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil","volume":"98","author":"Samico Fernandes EFT","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref37","first-page":"37","article-title":"Toxoplasmose em crian\u00e7as em idade escolar do Estado do Esp\u00edrito Santo. 4 - Terap\u00eautica e acompanhamento cl\u00ednico e laboratorial de casos com t\u00edtulos elevados de anticorpos s\u00e9ricos","volume":"9","author":"Sessa PA","year":"1980","journal-title":"Rev Patol Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782003000100018","article-title":"Toxoplasmose em ovinos e caprinos: estudo soroepidemiol\u00f3gico em duas regi\u00f5es do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil","volume":"33","author":"Silva AV","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cienc Rural"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref39","article-title":"High level of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in pigs slaughtered in the city of S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Maranh\u00e3o","volume":"30","author":"Silva EMC","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.03.020","article-title":"Assessment of biosecurity practices and development of a scoring system in swine farms using item response theory","volume":"167","author":"Silva GS","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612014015","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pigs in southern Piau\u00ed","volume":"23","author":"Sousa RA","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref42","first-page":"38","article-title":"Soropreval\u00eancia de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em ovinos da ra\u00e7a Santa In\u00eas na regi\u00e3o da Grande Vit\u00f3ria, estado do Esp\u00edrito Santo","volume":"19","author":"Tesolini PMA","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Bras Cienc Vet"}],"container-title":["Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterin\u00e1ria"],"original-title":["Infec\u00e7\u00e3o por Toxoplasma gondii em su\u00ednos destinados ao consumo humano: soropreval\u00eancia, fatores de risco e influ\u00eancia de medidas de biosseguridade"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S1984-29612023000400303&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T11:18:45Z","timestamp":1699874325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-29612023000400303&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"alternative-id":["S1984-29612023000400303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1984-29612023060","relation":{},"ISSN":["1984-2961","0103-846X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1984-2961"},{"type":"print","value":"0103-846X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"article-number":"e008523"}}