{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:42:04Z","timestamp":1793493724791,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract In vitro excystation of cysts of microscopically identified Chilomastix mesnili and Retortamonas sp. isolated from Japanese macaques and Retortamonas sp. isolated from small Indian mongooses could be induced using an established protocol for Giardia intestinalis and subsequently by culturing with H2S-rich Robinson\u2019s medium supplemented with Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. Excystation usually began 2 h after incubation in Robinson\u2019s medium. DNA was isolated from excysted flagellates after 4 h of incubation or from cultured excysted flagellates. Phylogenetic analysis based on their 18S rRNA genes revealed that two isolates of C. mesnili from Japanese macaques belonged to the same cluster as a C. mesnili isolate from humans, whereas a mammalian Retortamonas sp. isolate from a small Indian mongoose belonged to the same cluster as that of an amphibian Retortamonas spp. isolate from a \u2018poison arrow frog\u2019 [sequence identity to AF439347 (94.9%)]. These results suggest that the sequence homology of the 18S rRNA gene of the two C. mesnili isolates from Japanese macaques was similar to that of humans, in addition to the morphological similarity, and Retortamonas sp. infection of the amphibian type in the small Indian mongoose highlighted the possibility of the effect of host feeding habitats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612023070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T11:30:24Z","timestamp":1701689424000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Phylogenetic analyses of Chilomastix and Retortamonas species using in vitro excysted flagellates"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health,  Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjib Kumar","family":"Sardar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases,  India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajanta","family":"Ghosal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases,  India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoko","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Juntendo University,  Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanako","family":"Kurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shizuoka Cancer Center,  Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yudai Alex","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology,  Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumiko","family":"Saito-Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases,  Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandipan","family":"Ganguly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases,  India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3293-1785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seiki","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases,  Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/16.6.380","article-title":"Improved egg yolk infusion for cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and other intestinal protozoa","volume":"16","author":"Balamuth W","year":"1946","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.33.2.147","article-title":"Chilomastix mesnili and a method for its culture","volume":"33","author":"Boeck WC","year":"1921","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.11.3516-3522.1990","article-title":"Excystation of in vitro-derived Giardia lamblia cysts","volume":"58","author":"Boucher SE","year":"1990","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2008.04.036","article-title":"Non-monophyly of Retortamonadida and high genetic diversity of the genus Chilomastix suggested by analysis of SSU rDNA","volume":"48","author":"Cepicka I","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.2307\/3281016","article-title":"A new liquid medium for xenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and other lumen-dwelling protozoa","volume":"68","author":"Diamond LS","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/3270864","article-title":"Giardia and Chilomastix from monkeys, Giardia from the wild cat and Balantidium from the sheep","volume":"11","author":"Hegner RW","year":"1924","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","first-page":"334","article-title":"Detection of Chilomastix mesnili in common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and treatment with metronidazole","volume":"14","author":"Jeong ES","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(83)90120-7","article-title":"Axenic culture of Giardia lamblia in TYI-S-33 medium supplemented with bile","volume":"77","author":"Keister DB","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Handbook of the protists.","first-page":"1247","volume-title":"Retortamonadida (with Notes on Carpediemonas-like organisms and Caviomonadidae).","author":"Kulda J","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.06.020","article-title":"Gastrointestinal protozoa in non-human primates of four zoological gardens in Belgium","volume":"148","author":"Levecke B","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3248","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.8.3248","article-title":"Sequence of a cysteine-rich galactose-specific lectin of Entamoeba histolytica.","volume":"88","author":"Mann BJ","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94824-y","article-title":"The bifidobacterial distribution in the microbiome of captive primates reflects parvorder and feed specialization of the host","volume":"11","author":"Modrackova N","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01464","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01464-20","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles Produced by Bifidobacterium longum Export Mucin-Binding Proteins","volume":"86","author":"Nishiyama K","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(68)90170-3","article-title":"The laboratory diagnosis of human parasitic amoebae","volume":"62","author":"Robinson GL","year":"1968","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029","article-title":"MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space","volume":"61","author":"Ronquist F","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02509-07","article-title":"Mucin degradation by Bifidobacterium Strains isolated from the human intestinal microbiota","volume":"74","author":"Ruas-Madiedo P","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004135","article-title":"Retortamonad flagellates are closely related to diplomonads-implications for the history of mitochondrial function in eukaryote evolution","volume":"19","author":"Silberman JD","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.20-0004","article-title":"Phylogenetic position of Nyctotherus teleacus isolated from a tortoise (Astrochelys radiata) and its electron microscopic features","volume":"82","author":"Suzuki J","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197","article-title":"MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0","volume":"30","author":"Tamura K","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.10.019","article-title":"Feline Tritrichomonas foetus adhere to intestinal epithelium by receptor-ligand-dependent mechanisms","volume":"192","author":"Tolbert MK","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/21.10_ts.990","article-title":"A rapid staining procedure for intestinal amoebae and flagellates","volume":"21","author":"Wheatley WB","year":"1951","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2019.01233","article-title":"Growth-promoting effects of the hydrogen-sulfide compounds produced by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. desulfuricans co-cultured with Escherichia coli (DH5\u03b1) on the growth of Entamoeba and Endolimax species isolates from swine","volume":"13","author":"Yoshida N","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci Trends"}],"container-title":["Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterin\u00e1ria"],"original-title":["An\u00e1lise filogen\u00e9tica das esp\u00e9cies de Chilomastix e Retortamonas utilizando flagelados excistados in vitro"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S1984-29612023000400314&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T11:30:31Z","timestamp":1701689431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-29612023000400314&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"alternative-id":["S1984-29612023000400314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1984-29612023070","relation":{},"ISSN":["1984-2961","0103-846X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1984-2961","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0103-846X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"article-number":"e011923"}}