{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:20:12Z","timestamp":1763749212970,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract The cytokine microenvironment is crucial in generating and polarizing the immune response. A means of monitoring this environment would be of great value for better understanding Toxocara canis immune modulation. The aim of this study was to analyze the dynamics of cytokine transcription ex vivo, during early (24-48 hours) and late (15-30 days) times post-infection, in the mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and intestinal mucosa of Balb\/c mice experimentally infected with T. canis larvae. Mice in the treated group were infected with 100 third-stage larvae (L3), whereas mice in the control group were not infected. Analyses were performed at different times: 24-48 hours post-infection (HPI), 15-30 days post-infection (DPI). IL4, IL10, IL12 and Ym1 mRNA transcriptions were analyzed through qPCR. This study showed cytokine transcription mediated by migrating larvae in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen at 24-48 HPI, whereas cytokine transcription in the intestinal mucosa was observed only at late times (15-30 DPI). These results suggest that the T. canis larvae migration during infection might play a role in cytokine dynamics. Since the cytokine microenvironment is crucial in modulating immune response, knowledge of cytokine dynamics during T. canis infections pave the way to better understand its interaction with the host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612024017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T10:15:21Z","timestamp":1710756921000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dynamics of ex vivo cytokine transcription during experimental Toxocara canis infection in Balb\/c mice"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7573-0794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neida Lucia","family":"Conrad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Pelotas,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vit\u00f3ria Sequeira Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Zorzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Pelotas,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia Berne","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Pelotas,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica Lopes","family":"Borchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Pelotas,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micaele Quintana de","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Pelotas,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0941-7286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio Pereira Leivas","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Pelotas,  Brasil; Universidade Federal de Pelotas,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(91)90141-H","article-title":"Acquired immunity to Toxocara canis infection in mice","volume":"38","author":"Abo-Shehada MN","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.06.003","article-title":"Host protective roles of type 2 immunity: parasite killing and tissue repair, flip sides of the same coin","volume":"26","author":"Allen JE","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12314","article-title":"Modulation of IL-12 and IFN\u03b3 by probiotic supplementation promotes protection against Toxocara canis infection in mice","volume":"38","author":"Avila LFC","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2510-5","article-title":"Evaluation of the immunosuppressive effect of cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone in mice with visceral toxocariasis","volume":"110","author":"Avila LFC","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612022056","article-title":"Acute and chronic immunomodulatory response mechanisms against Toxocara canis larvae infection in mice","volume":"31","author":"Borchard JL","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2307\/3279492","article-title":"In vitro maintenance of Toxocara canis larvae and a simple method for the production of Toxocara ES antigen for use in serodiagnostic tests for visceral larva migrans","volume":"61","author":"De Savigny DH","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4022","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-106278","article-title":"Helminth 2\u2010Cys peroxiredoxin drives Th2 responses through a mechanism involving alternatively activated macrophages","volume":"22","author":"Donnelly S","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0406249","article-title":"Biochemical and functional characterization of three activated macrophage populations","volume":"80","author":"Edwards JP","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5348","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.9.5348","article-title":"A Brugia malayi homolog of macrophage migration inhibitory factor reveals an important link between macrophages and eosinophil recruitment during nematode infection","volume":"167","author":"Falcone FH","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8040280","article-title":"A dual role for macrophages in modulating lung tissue damage\/repair during L2 Toxocara canis infection","volume":"8","author":"Faz-L\u00f3pez B","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Asthma and seroconversion from Toxocara spp. infection: which comes first?","volume":"2018","author":"Fialho PMM","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00104-0","article-title":"Effect of gastrointestinal nematode infection on the ruminant immune system","volume":"72","author":"Gasbarre LC","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/nri978","article-title":"Alternative activation of macrophages","volume":"3","author":"Gordon S","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260323","article-title":"Interleukin-12 is produced by dendritic cells and mediates T helper 1 development as well as interferon-\u03b3 production by T helper 1 cells","volume":"26","author":"Heufler C","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"5107","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8097338","article-title":"Development of TH1 CD4+ T cells through IL-12 produced by Listeria-induced macrophages","volume":"260","author":"Hsieh CS","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5963","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1183021","article-title":"Regulation of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system","volume":"327","author":"Iwasaki A","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1688","article-title":"The contribution of immunology to the rational design of novel antibacterial vaccines","volume":"5","author":"Kaufmann SHE","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2001.00387.x","article-title":"Suppression of macrophage interleukin-12 and tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 production in mice infected with Toxocara canis.","volume":"23","author":"Kuroda E","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"33","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aau6085","article-title":"Structure and function of the immune system in the spleen","volume":"4","author":"Lewis SM","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak KJ","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-3-7","article-title":"IL-4 dependent alternatively-activated macrophages have a distinctive in vivo gene expression phenotype","volume":"3","author":"Loke P","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30331-6","article-title":"Human toxocariasis","volume":"18","author":"Ma G","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2020.01.011","article-title":"Global and regional seroprevalence estimates for human toxocariasis: A call for action","volume":"109","author":"Ma G","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"F1000","article-title":"Regulation of IL-10 and IL-12 production and function in macrophages and dendritic cells","volume":"4","author":"Ma X","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000 Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.032","article-title":"Toxocara canis: molecular basis of immune recognition and evasion","volume":"193","author":"Maizels RM","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.017","article-title":"Detection of Toxocara canis DNA in tissues of experimentally infected mice","volume":"187","author":"Moura MQ","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102134","article-title":"Quantification of Toxocara canis DNA by qPCR in mice inoculated with different infective doses","volume":"78","author":"Moura MQ","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.7.3620","article-title":"Conventional, Naive CD4+ T cells provide an initial source of IL-4 during Th2 differentiation","volume":"165","author":"Noben-Trauth N","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200205)32:5<1428::AID-IMMU1428>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"IL-4 secreted from individual naive CD4+ T cells acts in an autocrine manner to induce Th2 differentiation","volume":"32","author":"Noben-Trauth N","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201747150","article-title":"The vaccine adjuvant alum promotes IL-10 production that suppresses Th1 responses","volume":"48","author":"Oleszycka E","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.10.005","article-title":"Kinetics of Foxp3-expressing regulatory cells in experimental Toxocara canis infection","volume":"127","author":"Othman AA","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90160-E","article-title":"Parasite antigens, parasite genes: a laboratory manual for molecular parasitology","volume":"70","author":"Perkins ME","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2006.06.002","article-title":"Toxocara canis: effect of inoculum size on pulmonary pathology and cytokine expression in BALB\/c mice","volume":"115","author":"Pinelli E","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2005.02250.x","article-title":"Persistent airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation in Toxocara canis-infected BALB\/c mice","volume":"35","author":"Pinelli E","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.71.4.597","article-title":"Differential expression of FIZZ1 and Ym1 in alternatively versus classically activated macrophages","volume":"71","author":"Raes G","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.1.398-407.2004","article-title":"Both free-living and parasitic nematodes induce a characteristic Th2 response that is dependent on the presence of intact glycans","volume":"72","author":"Tawill S","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"45","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42821","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M205873200","article-title":"H2 cytokines and allergic challenge induce Ym1 expression in macrophages by a STAT6-dependent mechanism","volume":"277","author":"Welch JS","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00016382","article-title":"A novel method for the recovery of Toxocara canis in mice","volume":"72","author":"Xi WG","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Helminthol"}],"container-title":["Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterin\u00e1ria"],"original-title":["Din\u00e2mica da transcri\u00e7\u00e3o de citocinas ex vivo durante a infec\u00e7\u00e3o experimental por Toxocara canis em camundongos Balb\/c"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S1984-29612024000100309&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T10:15:42Z","timestamp":1710756942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-29612024000100309&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"alternative-id":["S1984-29612024000100309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1984-29612024017","relation":{},"ISSN":["1984-2961","0103-846X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1984-2961"},{"type":"print","value":"0103-846X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"article-number":"e014223"}}