{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:45:41Z","timestamp":1785757541839,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MSD Sa\u00fade Animal"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract Dirofilaria immitis remains a significant canine pathogen in Brazil despite the long-standing availability of chemoprophylactic products. Higher infection rates in low-income areas, and the persistence of cases in populations with veterinary access, suggest gaps in preventive governance. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in two high-challenge areas of metropolitan Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from June 2023 to January 2024. Dogs older than 1 year and not on heartworm prophylaxis during the previous 6 months were enrolled. Blood samples were tested for D. immitis antigen, and owner questionnaires captured demographic, environmental and clinical data. Risk factors were evaluated using binomial regression models. Among 526 dogs sampled, the overall antigen-positive rate was 22.6%, with a higher prevalence in Niter\u00f3i-Maric\u00e1 (27.0%) than in the Western area of the Rio de Janeiro municipality (18.15%). Male, short-coated, heavier or outdoor-living dogs had significantly higher odds of infection. Coughing was more frequent in antigen-positive dogs, while no significant associations with weight loss or lethargy were observed. Despite widespread veterinary recommendations, substantial infection rates persist, especially in low-income communities, underscoring failures in preventive governance. Integrated efforts from veterinarians, regulatory authorities and the animal-health industry are urgently needed to improve chemoprophylaxis uptake and protect canine health in endemic regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612026037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:00:12Z","timestamp":1785754812000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["What can areas of low Dirofilaria immitis preventive governance teach us?"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Norma","family":"Labarthe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone Cristina","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Sa\u00fade Animal,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavya","family":"Mendes-de-Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Fluminense,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Knakfuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Afya Universidade Unigranrio,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIVET Cl\u00ednica Veterin\u00e1ria,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5707-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Alberigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Fluminense,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Class","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Fluminense,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Lob\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Fluminense,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alynne da Silva","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Fluminense,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.29374\/2527-2179.bjvm001723","article-title":"Dogs infected by Dirofilaria immitis: a threat to the health of human and non-human animals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"45","author":"Alberigi B","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz J Vet Med"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Aspectos epidemiol\u00f3gicos e an\u00e1lise geoespacial de Dirofilaria immitis e Acanthocheilonema reconditum em c\u00e3es de munic\u00edpios do estado do Rio de Janeiro","author":"Ara\u00fajo TR","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2017.132572","article-title":"Update on Dirofilaria immitis epidemiology in South America and Mexico: literature review","volume":"54","author":"Bendas AJR","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Guidelines for dog population management","author":"B\u00f6gel K","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Sampling techniques.","author":"Cochran WG","year":"1967","edition":"2nd"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","first-page":"52","article-title":"Serological evidence of canine vector-borne diseases caused by Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis and Dirofilaria immitis in dogs from Governador Island, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Gouv\u00eaa de Almeida GL","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trad Mod Vet Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-024-00859-2","article-title":"Evaluation of seroprevalence and risk factors for heartworm infection in dogs in Rio de Janeiro with access to veterinary care","volume":"69","author":"Guedes M","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Censo 2010 \u2013 Baixada Fluminense","year":"2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab100","article-title":"Color preference for host-seeking activity of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens (Diptera: culicidae)","volume":"58","author":"Jung SH","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0493-7","article-title":"Updated canine infection rates for Dirofilaria immitis in areas of Brazil previously identified as having a high incidence of heartworm-infected dogs","volume":"7","author":"Labarthe NV","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761998000400001","article-title":"Potential vectors of Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) in Itacoatiara, Oceanic Region of Niter\u00f3i Municipality, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"93","author":"Labarthe NV","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761995000300013","article-title":"Presumed Dirofilaria immitis infections in wild-caught Aedes taeniorhynchus and Aedes scapularis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"90","author":"Louren\u00e7o-de-Oliveira R","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00345-z","article-title":"Infection with Dirofilaria immitis and other infections in cats and dogs from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: the need for prophylactic enforcement","volume":"66","author":"Mendes-de-Almeida F","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Emergence of Dirofilaria immitis in humid coastal zones: epidemiological predictors and molecular characterization","volume":"317","author":"Monteiro ACMP","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1697-9","article-title":"Selamectin for the prevention of canine Dirofilaria immitis infection: field efficacy in client-owned dogs in a high risk area","volume":"9","author":"Moraes-da-Silva MF","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref16","first-page":"132","article-title":"Color-preference in insects","volume":"11","author":"Packard AS","year":"1903","journal-title":"J NY Entomol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","article-title":"Canine heartworm: natural infection along remote coastal area of Rio de Janeiro","volume":"43","author":"Santos Fo M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz J Vet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1980.176.01.33","article-title":"Risk factors associated with canine heartworm infection","volume":"176","author":"Selby LA","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762001000500001","article-title":"Vectorial competence of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus 1762) Rio de Janeiro strain to Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy 1856)","volume":"96","author":"Serr\u00e3o ML","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153618","article-title":"Host preferences of blood-feeding mosquitoes","volume":"58","author":"Takken W","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Veterinary epidemiology.","author":"Thrusfield M","year":"2005","edition":"3rd"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","article-title":"Detection of Dirofilaria immitis using microscopic, serological and molecular techniques among dogs in Cabo Frio, RJ, Brazil","volume":"29","author":"Trancoso TAL","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07433-7","article-title":"Molecular characterization of canine filarioids in a previously non-endemic area of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil","volume":"121","author":"Vieira VMA","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"40","article-title":"Serological evidence of canine exposure to arthropod-borne pathogens in different landscapes in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"7","author":"Willi LMV","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports"}],"container-title":["Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterin\u00e1ria"],"original-title":["O que podem nos ensinar \u00e1reas com baixa governan\u00e7a preventiva de Dirofilaria immitis?"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S1984-29612026000300204&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:00:15Z","timestamp":1785754815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-29612026000300204&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["S1984-29612026000300204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1984-29612026037","relation":{},"ISSN":["1984-2961","0103-846X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1984-2961","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0103-846X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"e008526"}}