{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:02:40Z","timestamp":1753887760835,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cienc. Rural"],"abstract":"<jats:p>ABSTRACT: Analysis of locomotion is often used as a measure for impairment and recovery following experimental peripheral nerve injury. Compared to rodents, sheep offer several advantages for studying peripheral nerve regeneration. In the present study, we compared for the first time, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) hindlimb kinematics during obstacle avoidance in the ovine model. This study obtained kinematic data to serve as a template for an objective assessment of the ankle joint motion in future studies of common peroneal nerve (CP) injury and repair in the ovine model. The strategy used by the sheep to bring the hindlimb over a moderately high obstacle, set to 10% of its hindlimb length, was pronounced knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal flexion when approaching and clearing the obstacle. Despite the overall time course kinematic patterns about the hip, knee, ankle, and metatarsophalangeal were identical, we found significant differences between values of the 2D and 3D joint angular motion. Our results showed that the most apparent changes that occurred during the gait cycle were for the ankle (2D-measured STANCEmax: 157\u00b12.4 degrees vs. 3D-measured STANCEmax: 151\u00b11.2 degrees; P&lt;.05) and metatarsophalangeal joints (2D-measured STANCEmin: 151\u00b12.2 degrees vs. 3D-measured STANCEmin: 162 \u00b1 2.2 degrees; P&lt;.01 and 2D-measured TO: 163\u00b14.9 degrees vs. 3D-measured TO: 177\u00b11.4 degrees; P&lt;.05), whereas the hip and knee joints were much less affected. Data and techniques described here are useful for an objective assessment of altered gait after CP injury and repairin an ovine model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20200712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T11:38:02Z","timestamp":1616758682000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Two-dimensional and three-dimensional techniques for determining the kinematic patterns for hindlimb obstacle avoidance during sheep locomotion"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2467-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila Cardoso","family":"Diogo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD),  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1220-3150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD),  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7798-0786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca Soares Marques de","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD),  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5896-4679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Maltez da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD),  Portugal; Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD),  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1963-441X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Eduardo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD),  Portugal; Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD),  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3747-6577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Filipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD),  Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia e Ci\u00eancia (INESC TEC),  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0859-8978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Alexandre","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD),  Portugal; University de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro,  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6962-831X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Geuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Turin,  Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3814-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Alexandre","family":"Armada-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa),  Portugal; Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa),  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0018-9363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Colette","family":"Maur\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto (UP),  Portugal; Institute of Sciences, Technologies and Agroenvironment of the Universidade do Porto (ICETA),  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0736-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur Severo Proen\u00e7a","family":"Varej\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD),  Portugal; Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD),  Portugal"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21395","article-title":"Meniscectomy causes significant in vivo kinematic changes and mechanically induced focal chondral lesions in a sheep model","volume":"29","author":"BEVERIDGE J.E.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2018.1505068","article-title":"Kinematic patterns for hindlimb obstacle avoidance during sheep locomotion","volume":"40","author":"COSTA D.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurological Research"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"International Review of Neurobiology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(09)87007-4","volume-title":"Chapter 7: Methods and protocols in peripheral nerve regeneration experimental research: part IV-kinematic gait analysis to quantify peripheral nerve regeneration in the rat.","volume":"87","author":"COSTA L.M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.06.006","article-title":"A comparison of two dimensional and three-dimensional techniques for the determination of hindlimb kinematics during treadmill locomotion in rats following spinal cord injury.","volume":"173","author":"COUTO P.A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.08.016","article-title":"Dynamic feet distance: A new functional assessment during treadmill locomotion in normal and thoracic spinal cord injured rats.","volume":"335","author":"DIOGO C.C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4256","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00065.2005","article-title":"Computer simulation of stepping in the hind legs of the cat: an examination of mechanisms regulating the stance-to-swing transition.","volume":"94","author":"EKEBERG O.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2005.10.006","article-title":"Effect of skin movement on the analysis of hindlimb kinematics during treadmill locomotion in rats.","volume":"153","author":"FILIPE V.M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00293.x","article-title":"Iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury in eighteen dogs and nine cats (1997-2006)","volume":"36","author":"FORTERRE F.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinary Surgery"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21549","article-title":"Complete ACL\/MCL deficiency induces variable degrees of instability in sheep with specific kinematic abnormalities correlating with degrees of early osteoarthritis.","volume":"30","author":"FRANK C.B.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1054\/bjps.2001.3700","article-title":"Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a comparison of the degree of recovery after repair of a C6 ventral root avulsion in newborn and adult sheep. 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