{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T12:59:31Z","timestamp":1740142771085,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"68","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Sociol. Polit."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract  Introduction The article presents a historical analysis of the participation of women in Portuguese politics and reveals the positive effects of the introduction of the parity law in 2006. In the 2015 national elections, for the first time one third of the elected the Members of the Portuguese Parliament were women. However, in municipalities there is still a long way to go to reach this level of female political representation. Does the political system limit women\u2019s access only to elected positions? Thus, important questions remain: why are women still a minority in local politics? What obstacles do they encounter? And what can be done to improve the situation?  Materials and Methods For this investigation, data were collected on the electronic pages of municipalities and political parties, as well as in the press, to monitor the evolution of the presence of women in Portuguese local government, initially as members of the administrative commissions appointed to manage municipal councils from 1974 to the first elections that took place on December 12, 1976 and then as elected representatives from 1976 to the latest 2017 local elections, comparing this level with central government.  Results The study of this group reveals higher educational levels and more specialized jobs among women than among men, particularly in teaching and management. There is also discussion of partisan membership and it is revealed that left-wing parties invest more in women for local government than do right-wing parties.  Discussion Although four decades have passed since the democratic regime was established, the representation of women in politics is still incipient. We present some examples of policy actions that can encourage the presence of women in local government and increase their role as active citizens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1678987318266804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]],"date-time":"2019-03-20T20:41:47Z","timestamp":1553114507000},"page":"27-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Women Mayors in Portugal: A Case Study in Political Representation and Citizenship"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5583-3099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ant\u00f3nia de Figueiredo Pires de","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa,  Portugal"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/01402382.2014.937587","article-title":"\u2018Mild Mannered\u2019? Protest and Mobilisation in Portugal under Austerity, 2010\u20132013","volume":"38","author":"Accornero G.","year":"2014","journal-title":"West European Politics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/14616690701771813","article-title":"Party politics in Portugal: municipalities and central government","volume":"10","author":"Almeida M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Societies"},{"year":"2013","series-title":"O Poder Local do Estado Novo \u00e0 Democracia: Presidentes de C\u00e2mara e Governadores Civis, 1936-2012","author":"Almeida M","key":"ref3"},{"year":"2014","series-title":"Dicion\u00e1rio biogr\u00e1fico do poder local em Portugal, 1936-2013","author":"Almeida M","key":"ref4"},{"year":"2016","series-title":"Grupos de cidad\u00e3os nas autarquias portuguesas: contributo para a pr\u00e1tica da cidadania e para a qualidade da democracia?","author":"Almeida M","key":"ref5"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1017\/S0268416017000170","article-title":"The Revolution in Local Government: Mayors in Portugal before and after 1974","volume":"32","author":"Almeida M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Continuity and Change"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"As mulheres na pol\u00edtica","volume-title":"As mulheres e a participa\u00e7\u00e3o pol\u00edtica","author":"Barros J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"O Futuro da Representa\u00e7\u00e3o Pol\u00edtica Democr\u00e1tica","volume-title":"O futuro dos movimentos sociais na representa\u00e7\u00e3o sociopol\u00edtica","author":"Baumgarten B.","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"European Conference on Politics and Gender","volume-title":"Support for Gender Quotas and the Role Model Effect in Australia.","author":"Beauregard K.","year":"2017"},{"year":"2015","series-title":"Confian\u00e7a nas Institui\u00e7\u00f5es Pol\u00edticas","author":"Belchior A.","key":"ref10"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818310000287","article-title":"International Politics and the Spread of Quotas for Women in Legislatures","volume":"65","author":"Bush S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Organization"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Youth Political Participation in a Transition Society","volume":"8","author":"Cairns D.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Studies of Transition States and Societies"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","first-page":"101","article-title":"Contextualising Participation in a Transition Society","volume":"8","author":"Bush S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Studies of Transition States and Societies"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Partidos pol\u00edticos e seu regime jur\u00eddico: o desenho constitucional dos partidos pol\u00edticos","volume-title":"Vari\u00e1veis sobre o recrutamento pol\u00edtico e a quest\u00e3o de g\u00eanero no Parlamento brasileiro","author":"Costa L.","year":"2013"},{"year":"2005","series-title":"Dicion\u00e1rio Biogr\u00e1fico Parlamentar. 3 V","author":"Cruz M.","key":"ref15"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"EUI Working Papers, LAW 2015\/23","volume-title":"A Long Way to a Still-Imperfect Parity","author":"Esp\u00edrito-Santo A.","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/1350506814568036","article-title":"Citizens\u2019 Attitudes towards Descriptive Representation: The case of women in Portugal","volume":"23","author":"Esp\u00edrito-Santo A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Women\u2019s Studies"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"European Conference on Politics and Gender","volume-title":"The Implementation of Gender Quotas across Different Levels of Government: The Case of Portugal","author":"Esp\u00edrito-Santo A.","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1177\/0010414015621073","article-title":"The Glass Ceiling in Politics: Formalization and Empirical Tests","volume":"49","author":"Folke O.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comparative Political Studies"},{"year":"1994","series-title":"Governos Civis. Mais de um s\u00e9culo de hist\u00f3ria","author":"Fran\u00e7a P.","key":"ref20"},{"year":"2001","series-title":"Recrutamento Parlamentar: os Deputados Portugueses da Constituinte \u00e0 VIII Legislatura","author":"Freire A.","key":"ref21"},{"year":"2015","series-title":"O Futuro da Representa\u00e7\u00e3o Pol\u00edtica Democr\u00e1tica","author":"Freire A.","key":"ref22"},{"year":"2017","series-title":"Para l\u00e1 \u00abGeringon\u00e7a\u00bb. O governo de esquerdas em Portugal e na Europa","author":"Freire A.","key":"ref23"},{"year":"2003","series-title":"Rising Tide. Gender Equality and Cultural Change around the World","author":"Inglehart R.","key":"ref24"},{"year":"2015","series-title":"Gender Quotas and Women\u2019s Representation: New Directions in Research","author":"Krook M.","key":"ref25"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1080\/01402380500310626","article-title":"Disaffected Democrats: Political Culture and Political Action in Portugal","volume":"28","author":"Magalh\u00e3es P.","year":"2005","journal-title":"West European Politics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/714004092","article-title":"Political Recruitment and Local Representation: The Case of Liberal Democrat Councillors","volume":"27","author":"Meadowcroft J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Local Government Studies"},{"issue":"63","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-987317256304","article-title":"Magnitude eleitoral e representa\u00e7\u00e3o de mulheres nos munic\u00edpios brasileiros","volume":"25","author":"Meireles F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista de Sociologia e Pol\u00edtica"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6765.12190","article-title":"\u2018Going beyond the Troika\u2019: Power and discourse in Portuguese austerity politics","volume":"56","author":"Moury C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Political Research"},{"year":"2003","series-title":"Young People & Political Activism: From the Politics of Loyalties to the Politics of Choice?","author":"Norris P.","key":"ref30"},{"year":"2011","series-title":"Democratic Deficit. Critical Citizens Revisited","author":"Norris P.","key":"ref31"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Women and Elective Office: Past, Present, and Future","volume-title":"Women in Elective Office Worldwide: Barriers and Opportunities","author":"Norris P.","year":"2014","edition":"3rd Ed"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Local Government in Europe. Trends and Development","volume-title":"The System of Local Government in Portugal","author":"Pereira A.","year":"1991"},{"year":"1995","series-title":"The Politics of Presence","author":"Phillips A.","key":"ref34"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Local Democracy and Local Government","volume-title":"Why does Local Democracy Matter?","author":"Norris P.","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1386\/pjss.12.2.133_1","article-title":"Gender and Politics: The relevance of gender on judgements about the merit of candidates and the fairness of quotas","volume":"12","author":"Santos M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.5964\/jspp.v4i1.487","article-title":"Gender Inequalities in Highly Qualified Professions: A Social Psychological Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Santos M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Political Psychology"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"69","article-title":"Exp\u00e9riences et strat\u00e9gies de femmes investies dans un \u2018monde d\u2019hommes\u2019. Le cas de la politique locale portugaise","volume":"82","author":"Santos M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sociologia Problemas e Pr\u00e1ticas"},{"issue":"34","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1590\/2236-9996.2015-3404","article-title":"Din\u00e2micas sociogeogr\u00e1ficas e pol\u00edticas na \u00c1rea Metropolitana de Lisboa em tempos de crise e de austeridade","volume":"17","author":"Seixas J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cadernos Metr\u00f3pole"},{"year":"2006","series-title":"Why Politics Matters. Making Democracy Work","author":"Stoker G.","key":"ref40"},{"year":"2017","series-title":"Desigualdades de g\u00e9nero nos cargos pol\u00edticos em Portugal: do poder central ao poder local","author":"Teixeira A.","key":"ref41"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"43","article-title":"Mulheres na Assembleia Nacional (1933-1974)","volume":"6","author":"Vargas A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Elei\u00e7\u00f5es"},{"year":"1999","series-title":"As mulheres na pol\u00edtica","author":"Viegas J.","key":"ref43"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Empresas condenadas por viola\u00e7\u00e3o das regras de igualdade ficam exclu\u00eddas de concursos p\u00fablicos","author":"Almeida S.J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"P\u00fablico, 19th May"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Sistema portugu\u00eas absorve os populismos \u00e0 custa da absten\u00e7\u00e3o.","author":"Botelho L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"P\u00fablico, 11th April"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Os movimentos de cidad\u00e3os assustam os partidos","author":"Teixeira A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jornal I, 19th June 2017"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Tikkun, Jan. 24th","volume-title":"Portugal\u2019s Secret Revolution","author":"Zimler R.","year":"2017"},{"year":"2016","series-title":"Reuni\u00f5es da CNE","key":"ref48"},{"year":"2017","series-title":"Comiss\u00e3o para a Cidadania e Igualdade de G\u00e9nero","key":"ref49"},{"year":"2017","series-title":"Website","key":"ref50"},{"year":"2015","series-title":"Mandatos nas elei\u00e7\u00f5es para a Assembleia da Rep\u00fablica: deputados do sexo feminino por partido pol\u00edtico","key":"ref51"},{"journal-title":"Rep\u00fablica Portuguesa","article-title":"Catarina Marcelino anuncia medidas para combater viol\u00eancia dom\u00e9stica no terreno","year":"2016","key":"ref52"},{"year":"2016","series-title":"Every Last Girl. Free to live, free to learn, free from harm","key":"ref53"}],"container-title":["Revista de Sociologia e Pol\u00edtica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/rsocp\/v26n68\/0104-4478-rsocp-26-68-0027.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T21:24:57Z","timestamp":1721078697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-44782018000400027&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"68","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0104-44782018000400027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1678987318266804","relation":{},"ISSN":["1678-9873","0104-4478"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1678-9873"},{"type":"print","value":"0104-4478"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}}}