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This approach not only provides a solution for schools with limited equipment but also promotes hands-on learning and essential skills in experimental design and data analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9126-rbef-2025-0423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T15:07:25Z","timestamp":1770044845000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modelling a battery with an accessible and inclusive Arduino-based experimental setup"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1357-5378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo D.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto,  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2799-049X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena S.","family":"Gunsen-Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola B+S Prof. Dr. Francisco de Freitas Branco,  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5381-955X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Sime\u00e3o Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto,  Portugal"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Physics for Scientists and Engineers","author":"Tipler P.A","year":"2007","edition":"6 ed"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Fundamentals of Physics","author":"Halliday D","year":"2013","edition":"10 ed"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics","author":"Serway R.A","year":"2013","edition":"9 ed"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Aprendizagens essenciais de f\u00edsica e qu\u00edmica A (10.\u00ba ano)"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"AS and A-level Physics Specification (7407, 7408)"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS): Physical Sciences FET Phase Grades 10\u201312"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"AP Physics 2 Course and Exam Description"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 11 and 12: Science"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"PHY 192: Physics Laboratory I"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Revista Brasileira de Ensino de F\u00edsica","first-page":"e20250312","volume":"47","author":"Leyva-Cruz J.A","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Revista Brasileira de Ensino de F\u00edsica","first-page":"e20230105","volume":"45","author":"Silva W.R.F","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Revista Brasileira de Ensino de F\u00edsica","first-page":"e20210323","volume":"44","author":"Santos E.B","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Revista Brasileira de Ensino de F\u00edsica","first-page":"e20210185","volume":"43","author":"Soares A.A","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"The Physics Teacher","first-page":"591","volume":"61","author":"Smith D.A","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"The Physics Teacher","first-page":"285","volume":"53","author":"Galeriu C","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"The Physics Teacher","first-page":"244","volume":"57","author":"\u00d6nder F","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"The Physics Teacher","first-page":"260","volume":"63","author":"Zhang Q","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Revista Brasileira de Ensino de F\u00edsica","first-page":"e20200508","volume":"43","author":"Filho O.L.S","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Revista Brasileira de Ensino de F\u00edsica","first-page":"e20190029","volume":"44","author":"Filho O.L.S","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Brit. 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