{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T12:55:51Z","timestamp":1740142551597,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"174","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cad. Pesqui."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract This paper investigates grade repetition in Portugal using microdata. Drawing on multilevel models, we analyse the number of times the student repeated a grade in compulsory education - our dependent variable - in association with children\u2019s individual characteristics, household sociodemographic and economic background, and children\u2019s living conditions - our covariates. Furthermore, we also attempt to shed light on the impact of schools on the endogenous variable. Our results confirm the importance of individual, family, and neighbourhood characteristics on the rate of grade repetition. In terms of schools, the results obtained show that the student\u2019s probability of failure vary across schools, demonstrating the importance of the impact of the school itself on grade repetition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/198053146131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T20:32:57Z","timestamp":1575923577000},"page":"270-288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["ANALYSIS OF GRADE REPETITION THROUGH MULTILEVEL MODELS: A STUDY FROM PORTUGAL"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0211-7299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia","family":"Bastos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa,  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1317-0629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Eug\u00e9nia","family":"Ferr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade da Beira Interior,  Portugal; Centro de Matem\u00e1tica Aplicada \u00e0 Previs\u00e3o e Decis\u00e3o Econ\u00f3mica,  Portugal"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"reference":[{"year":"1994","series-title":"On the success of failure: a reassessment of the effects of retention in primary grades","author":"ALEXANDER K.","key":"ref1"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.25.3.153","article-title":"Killing me softly: the fetal origins hypothesis","volume":"25","author":"ALMOND D.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejeps.2017.07.001","article-title":"Cognitive performance and academic achievement: how do family and school converge","volume":"10","author":"ALVES A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Education and Psychology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.07.010","article-title":"Being poor from children\u2019s point of view. 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