{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T01:14:34Z","timestamp":1769476474864,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Bio\u00e9t."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract Although telemedicine aims to improve access to healthcare, particularly for underserved populations, ethical and legal risks exist. Reports from the World Health Organization provide key information, but the literature lacks in-depth exploration of ethical issues and up-to-date data from low- and middle-income countries, with only 2% of studies in 2020 focusing on these regions. This study is a review of 45 articles on the ethical and legal risks of telemedicine, 29% of which are from middle-income countries. The articles highlighted ethical concerns such as autonomy and equity. Legal risks included lack of regulations, patient safety and quality of care. This study concludes that the expansion of telemedicine is essential to address inequalities in healthcare, but its implementation must be ethical, legally sound and culturally adaptable to ensure positive outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1983-803420253983en","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T15:10:42Z","timestamp":1769440242000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethical and legal risks of telemedicine"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7056-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosamaria Rodrigues","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universit\u00e1rio Cesmac,  Brasil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8832-0898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Adriano Silva dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto,  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5160-7043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivone","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto,  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1377-9899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto,  Portugal"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Global strategy on digital health 2020-2025","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Global diffusion of e-health: making universal health coverage achievable: report of the third global survey on e-health","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o n o 2.314, de 20 de abril de 2022. Define e regulamenta a telemedicina, como forma de servi\u00e7os m\u00e9dicos mediados por tecnologias de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"2022","journal-title":"Di\u00e1rio Oficial da Uni\u00e3o"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12847","article-title":"The telemedical imperative","volume":"35","author":"Parsons JA","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Telemedicine: opportunities and developments in member states: report on the second global survey on e-health","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Building foundations for e-health: progress of member states: report of the who global observatory for e-Health","year":"2006"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/19361","article-title":"Digital health equity and COVID-19: the innovation curve cannot reinforce the social gradient of health","volume":"22","author":"Crawford A","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","article-title":"Telehealth in low- and middle-income countries: bridging the gap or exposing health disparities?","volume":"10","author":"Reis FJJ","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy Technol"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Ethics and legal aspects of telemedicine: review protocol","author":"Gomes R","year":"2023","journal-title":"OSF"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"World Bank Country Classification by Income level 2024-2025","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2020.104239","article-title":"Revisiting health information technology ethical, legal and social issues and evaluation: telehealth\/telemedicine and COVID-19","volume":"143","author":"Kaplan B","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1017\/S0963180121000852","article-title":"Ethics, guidelines, standards, and policy: telemedicine, COVID-19, and broadening the ethical scope","volume":"31","author":"Kaplan B","year":"2022","journal-title":"Camb Q Healthc Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733017705004","article-title":"Towards an ethics for telehealth","volume":"26","author":"Botrugno C","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10617","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010617","article-title":"Perspectives on telemedicine during the era of covid-19; 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