{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T11:23:06Z","timestamp":1762860186279,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Bio\u00e9t."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract Artificial intelligence has become an essential tool across various fields of medicine, enabling new patterns of innovation such as precision medicine, neurosciences, genomics, and proteomics. This article aims to synthesize the main ethical challenges arising from the application of artificial intelligence in medicine, in order to promote responsible implementation of these digital technologies, always serving people and humanity. Additionally, it proposes a set of recommendations for developing trustworthy artificial intelligence in the medical context. Methodologically, an in-depth analysis was conducted of the main international ethical and legal instruments regulating artificial intelligence. It is concluded that effective ethical governance is essential to preserve human agency in the application of artificial intelligence systems and to ensure full transparency in research and development processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1983-803420254115en","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T11:18:35Z","timestamp":1762859915000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial intelligence: a bridge to the future of medicine"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1377-9899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Nunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto,  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7182-9890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia B","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto,  Portugal"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Artificial intelligence for a better future. An ecosystem perspective on the ethics of AI and emerging digital technologies","author":"Stahl BC","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Ethics and governance of artificial intelligence for health. Guidance on large multi-modal models","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"European health data space","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Artificial intelligence in healthcare","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights: making automated systems for the American people","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare and research","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Livro branco sobre intelig\u00eancia artificial (IA): inquieta\u00e7\u00f5es sociais, propostas \u00e9ticas e orienta\u00e7\u00f5es pol\u00edticas","author":"Nunes R","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"A definition of AI: main capabilities and scientific disciplines","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Nexus: a brief history of information networks from the stone age to AI","author":"Harari YN","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-03905-1","article-title":"How close is AI to human-level intelligence?","volume":"636","author":"Ananthaswamy A","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8047","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-025-00110-6","article-title":"How should we test AI for human level intelligence?: Open AI's o3 electrifies quest","volume":"637","author":"Jones N","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Consciousness in artificial intelligence: insights from the science of consciousness (Preprint)","author":"Butlin P","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arxiv"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-04023-8","article-title":"What should we do if AI becomes conscious? These scientists say it's time for a plan","volume":"636","author":"Lenharo M","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2214184","article-title":"Benefits, limits, and risks of GPT-4 as an AI chatbot for medicine","volume":"388","author":"Lee P","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2302038","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning in clinical medicine","volume":"388","author":"Haug CJ","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X18000729","article-title":"Why replication has more scientific value than original discovery","volume":"41","author":"Ioannidis J","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Reproducibility and replicability in science","year":"2019"},{"issue":"7604","key":"ref18","first-page":"452","article-title":"Is there a reproducibility crisis?","volume":"533","author":"Baker M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01832","article-title":"Degrees of freedom in planning, running, analyzing, and reporting psychological studies: a checklist to avoid p-Hacking","volume":"7","author":"Wicherts J","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7702","article-title":"The impact of artificial intelligence in medicine on the future role of the physician","volume":"7","author":"Ahuja AS","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2301725","article-title":"The current and future state of AI interpretation of medical images","volume":"388","author":"Rajpurkar P","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Eng J Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0016-5","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in radiology","volume":"18","author":"Hosny A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21056","article-title":"Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks","volume":"542","author":"Esteva A","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1799-6","article-title":"International evaluation of an AI system for breast cancer screening","volume":"577","author":"McKinney SM","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.34172\/jcvtr.2023.33031","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in cardiovascular medicine: an updated review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Zargarzadeh A","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Thorac Res"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-00018-3","article-title":"Powerful antibiotics discovered using AI","author":"Marchant J","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"542","article-title":"Artificial intelligence & clinical nutrition: what the future might have in store","volume":"57","author":"Bond A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref28","first-page":"639","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and palliative care: opportunities and limitations","volume":"111","author":"Peruselli C","year":"2020","journal-title":"Recenti Prog Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref29","article-title":"Will AI make the electronic health record more efficient for clinicians?","volume":"2","author":"Yadav GS","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Eng J Med AI"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"The impact of artificial intelligence on the doctor-patient relationship","author":"Mittelstadt B","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI","year":"2019"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2023.2233356","article-title":"AUTOGEN: a personalized large language model for academic enhancement. Ethics and proof of principle","volume":"23","author":"Mann PS","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Anthropic just analyzed 700.000 Claude conversations and found its AI has a moral code of its own","author":"Nu\u00f1ez M","year":"2025","journal-title":"VentureBeat"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"ChatGPT: usages, impacts et recommendations - note de synth\u00e8se","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Using collective intelligence to solve public problems","author":"Ryan M","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Global diffusion of eHealth: making universal health coverage achievable. Report of the third global survey on eHealth","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Healthcare as a universal human right: sustainability in global health","author":"Nunes R","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Health justice","author":"Venkatapuram S","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"How much water does AI consume? The public deserves to know","author":"Ren S","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Closing the women's health gap: a $1 trillion opportunity to improve lives and economies","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Ensaios em bio\u00e9tica","author":"Nunes R","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Diretivas antecipadas de vontade","author":"Nunes R","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref43","article-title":"Using ChatGPT to facilitate truly informed medical consent","volume":"1","author":"Mirza FN","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Eng J Med AI"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Proposal for a regulation of the European parliament and of the council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence act) and amending certain union legislative acts","year":"2023"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1136\/jme-2023-109702","article-title":"AI and the falling sky: interrogating X-Risk","volume":"50","author":"Jecker NS","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Artificial intelligence versus natural intelligence","author":"Penrose R","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"General data protection regulation. Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Study on health data, digital health and artificial intelligence in healthcare","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10728-021-00433-1","article-title":"Gender transition: is there a right to be forgotten?","volume":"29","author":"Correia M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Care Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000167","article-title":"Synthetic data in medical research","volume":"26","author":"Kokosi T","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Med"},{"key":"ref51","series-title":"Global strategy on digital health 2020-2025","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models","author":"Kung TH","year":"2022","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2022.104604","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in science: an emerging general method of invention","volume":"51","author":"Bianchini S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-022-00887-w","article-title":"Can robotic AI systems be virtuous and why does this matter?","volume":"14","author":"Constantinescu M","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref55","article-title":"Who's training whom?","volume":"1","author":"Chen J","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Eng J Med AI"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-021-00051-6","article-title":"Two arguments against humanfriendly AI","volume":"1","author":"Daley K","year":"2021","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171700040X","article-title":"Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders","volume":"47","author":"Freeman D","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref58","series-title":"Empowering learners for the age of AI: an AI literacy framework for primary and secondary education","year":"2025"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.12630","article-title":"The compelling need for shared responsibility of AI oversight: lessons from Health IT Certification","volume":"332","author":"Ratwani RM","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.620637","article-title":"Coding public health interventions for health technology assessments: a pilot experience with WHO's International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI)","volume":"9","author":"Wu\u00a8bbeler M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref61","series-title":"One health: human, animal, and environment triad","author":"Vithanage M","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref62","first-page":"5","article-title":"Reliable artificial intelligence: the 18th sustainable development goal","volume":"6","author":"Nunes R","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ethics Legal Technol"}],"container-title":["Revista Bio\u00e9tica"],"original-title":["Intelig\u00eancia artificial: uma ponte para o futuro da medicina"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S1983-80422025000100602&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T11:18:48Z","timestamp":1762859928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1983-80422025000100602&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["S1983-80422025000100602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1983-803420254115en","relation":{"has-translation":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1590\/1983-803420254115pt","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1983-8034","1983-8042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1983-8034","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1983-8042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"e4115PT"}}