{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T21:11:39Z","timestamp":1740172299862,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Bio\u00e9t."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Resumo Fun\u00e7\u00f5es cognitivas s\u00e3o alvo frequente de curiosidade, estudo e reflex\u00e3o, pois s\u00e3o estruturantes para o ser o humano tal como o conhecemos. Compreender os limites cognitivos, os processos que os originam e a forma de os ultrapassar \u00e9, por isso, forma de entender a condi\u00e7\u00e3o humana e de perceber as consequ\u00eancias da potencial manipula\u00e7\u00e3o da cogni\u00e7\u00e3o. Nos \u00faltimos anos tem havido interesse crescente no melhoramento cognitivo mediante o uso de f\u00e1rmacos, e com ele t\u00eam surgido diversos e importantes dilemas \u00e9ticos, m\u00e9dicos e legais. O objetivo deste ensaio \u00e9 refletir sobre os problemas \u00e9ticos levantados. Pode-se concluir que o melhoramento cognitivo farmacol\u00f3gico tem de ser mais bem estudado no n\u00edvel farmacodin\u00e2mico para que sua aplica\u00e7\u00e3o \u2013 regulada e em contextos espec\u00edficos \u2013 possa beneficiar indiv\u00edduos e sociedade, n\u00e3o pondo em causa a autenticidade da condi\u00e7\u00e3o humana.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/1983-80422021291449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T17:35:42Z","timestamp":1621618542000},"page":"87-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Melhoramento cognitivo farmacol\u00f3gico: futuro promissor? Ou futuro inevit\u00e1vel?"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3323-4084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Cardoso","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto,  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1377-9899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto,  Portugal"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.07.011","article-title":"Cognitive enhancement: a system view","volume":"122","author":"Reiner M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00763-8","article-title":"Neuroethics for the new millenium","volume":"35","author":"Roskies A","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1306","article-title":"Neuroethical issues in pharmacological cognitive enhancement.","volume":"5","author":"Mohamed AD","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"New waves in applied ethics","first-page":"120","volume-title":"Ethical issues in human enhancement","author":"Bostrom N","year":"2007"},{"year":"2011","series-title":"Enhancing human capacities","author":"Savulescu J","key":"ref5"},{"year":"2011","series-title":"Brain, body and mind: neuroethics with a human face","author":"Glannon W","key":"ref6"},{"year":"2003","series-title":"Beyond therapy: biotechnology and the pursuit of happiness: a report of the President\u2019s Council on Bioethics","key":"ref7"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040047","article-title":"What users think about the differences between caffeine and illicit\/prescription stimulants for cognitive enhancement","volume":"7","author":"Franke AG","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Cognitive enhancement: an interdisciplinary perspective","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6253-4","volume-title":"Cognitive enhancement: a critical look at the current debate","author":"Hildt E","year":"2013"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105969","article-title":"Robust resilience and substantial interest: a survey of pharmacological cognitive enhancement among university students in the UK and Ireland","volume":"9","author":"Singh I","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00107","article-title":"Pharmacological cognitive enhancement: how neuroscientific research could advance ethical debate","volume":"8","author":"Maslen H","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13010-019-0076-5","article-title":"Ethical aspects of the abuse of pharmaceutical enhancements by healthy people in the context of improving cognitive functions","volume":"14","author":"Toma\u017ei\u010d T","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos Ethics Humanit Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.07.002","article-title":"Non-pharmacological cognitive enhancement","volume":"64","author":"Dresler M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1017\/S146114571100037X","article-title":"The ethics of elective psychopharmacology","volume":"15","author":"Mohamed AD","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.11.016","article-title":"Modafinil in the media: metaphors, medicalisation and the body","volume":"68","author":"Coveney CM","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2846","article-title":"Nonmedical use of prescription drugs for cognitive enhancement as response to chronic stress especially when social support is lacking","volume":"35","author":"Sattler S","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03211.x","article-title":"The enhancement use of neuropharmaceuticals: more scepticism and caution needed","volume":"105","author":"Hall WD","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.03.006","article-title":"What are the cognitive effects of stimulant medications? 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