{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T09:09:15Z","timestamp":1772701755933,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["An. Acad. Bras. Ci\u00eanc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of chemical compounds benefits society in a number of ways. Pesticides, for instance, enable foodstuffs to be produced in sufficient quantities to satisfy the needs of millions of people, a condition that has led to an increase in levels of life expectancy. Yet, at times, these benefits are offset by certain disadvantages, notably the toxic side effects of the chemical compounds used. Exposure to these compounds can have varying effects, ranging from instant death to a gradual process of chemical carcinogenesis. There are three stages involved in chemical carcinogenesis. These are defined as initiation, promotion and progression. Each of these stages is characterised by morphological and biochemical modifications and result from genetic and\/or epigenetic alterations. These genetic modifications include: mutations in genes that control cell proliferation, cell death and DNA repair - i.e. mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressing genes. The epigenetic factors, also considered as being non-genetic in character, can also contribute to carcinogenesis via epigenetic mechanisms which silence gene expression. The control of responses to carcinogenesis through the application of several chemical, biochemical and biological techniques facilitates the identification of those basic mechanisms involved in neoplasic development. Experimental assays with laboratory animals, epidemiological studies and quick tests enable the identification of carcinogenic compounds, the dissection of many aspects of carcinogenesis, and the establishment of effective strategies to prevent the cancer which results from exposure to chemicals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s0001-37652007000400004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,6]],"date-time":"2007-12-06T22:50:34Z","timestamp":1196981434000},"page":"593-616","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Chemical carcinogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Paula A.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Aura","family":"Cola\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Portugal"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Guedes-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luis F.","family":"De-La-Cruz P.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary, Spain"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Portugal; University of Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.24.1888","article-title":"Inorganic arsenite-induced malignant transformation of human prostate epithelial cells","volume":"94","author":"ACHANZAR WE","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-8874","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12985","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.202485699","article-title":"p53 and DNA damageinducible expression of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C gene","volume":"99","author":"ADIMOOLAM S","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-8424","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3230-6_20","article-title":"Carcinogen-DNA adducts as tools in risk assessment","volume":"472","author":"AIROLDI L","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0065-2598","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19840515)53:10<2034::AID-CNCR2820531005>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"The detection of environmental mutagens and potential carcinogens","volume":"53","author":"AMES BN","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0008-543X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"1101","article-title":"Prediction of Rodent Carcinogenicity for 30 Chemicals","volume":"104S","author":"ASHBY J","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0091-6765","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"26","article-title":"Signs of positive selection of somatic mutations in human cancers detected by EST sequence analysis","volume":"9","author":"BABENKO VN","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2003.10.008","article-title":"The uses of carcinogen-DNA adduct measurement in establishing mechanisms of mutagenesis and in chemoprevention","volume":"547","author":"BAIRD WM","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.3.371","article-title":"Carcinogenesis in mouse and human cells: parallels and paradoxes","volume":"21","author":"BALMAIN A","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0143-3334","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S1367-5931(00)00218-0","article-title":"The computational prediction of toxicity","volume":"5","author":"BARRAT MD","year":"2001","journal-title":"Opin Chem Biol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.931009","article-title":"Mechanisms of multistep carcinogenesis and carcinogen risk assessment","volume":"100","author":"BARRETT JC","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0091-6765","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.2940070102","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis in humans and rodents","volume":"7","author":"BARRETT JC","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0899-1987","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.877665","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of multistep carcinogenesis: relevance to carcinogen risk assessment","volume":"76","author":"BARRET JC","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0091-6765","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"569","article-title":"The role of individual susceptibility in cancer burden related to environmental exposure","volume":"104","author":"BARTSCH H","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0091-6765","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1947.35","article-title":"The role of croton oil applications, associated with a single painting of a carcinogen, in tumor induction of the mouse's skin","volume":"1","author":"BEREMBLUM I","year":"1947","journal-title":"Br J Cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-0920","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-2997(00)00007-8","article-title":"The molecular biology of cancer","volume":"21","author":"BERTRAM JS","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0098-2997","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.4.6.1818","article-title":"Molecular theory of cancer","volume":"4","author":"BLAGOSKLONNY MV","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Ther"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2004.04.004","article-title":"Carcinogenicity categorization of chemicals-new aspects to be considered in a European perspective","volume":"151","author":"BOLT HM","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0378-4274","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"147","article-title":"Estimated risk in malignancy: the emerging field of molecular epidemiology","volume":"2","author":"BONDY M","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Adv Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(03)00085-8","article-title":"Cytotoxic assessment of three therapeutic agents, cyclosporine-A, cisplatin and doxorubicin, with the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis","volume":"154","author":"BONNET JL","year":"2003","journal-title":"Res Microbiol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0923-2508","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1998.1273","article-title":"A comprehensive approach for integration of toxicity and cancer risk assessments","volume":"29","author":"BUTTERWORTH BE","year":"1999","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0273-2300","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"279","article-title":"Chemically induced cell proliferation in carcinogenesis","volume":"116","author":"BUTTERWORTH BE","year":"1992","journal-title":"IARC Sci Publ","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-5038","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2280(1998)31:3<248::AID-EM6>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Long-term mutagenicity studies with chloroform and dimethylnitrosamine in female lacI transgenic B6C3F1 mice","volume":"31","author":"BUTTERWORTH BE","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0893-6692","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"22","article-title":"The detection of chemical carcinogens in an alternative medium-term bioassay","volume":"51","author":"CAMARGO JLV","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Braz Ass Advan Science"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.3.1673","article-title":"Gadd45, a p53-responsive stress protein, modifies DNA accessibility on damaged chromatin","volume":"19","author":"CARRIER F","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0270-7306","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkj489","article-title":"Molecular models for the tissue specificity of DNA mismatch repair-deficient carcinogenesis","volume":"34","author":"CHAO EC","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0305-1048","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"21","article-title":"Analysis of modifying factors in chemical carcinogenesis","volume":"33","author":"COHEN SM","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prog Exp Tumor Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0079-6263","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(95)00040-9","article-title":"Role of urinary physiology and chemistry in bladder carcinogenesis","volume":"33","author":"COHEN SM","year":"1995","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0278-6915","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3109\/03602539808996317","article-title":"Cell proliferation and carcinogenesis","volume":"30","author":"COHEN SM","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0360-2532","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"6493","article-title":"Genetic errors, cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis","volume":"51","author":"COHEN SM","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0008-5472","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(95)03785-U","article-title":"Rodent bladder tumors do not always predict for humans","volume":"93","author":"COHEN SM","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Lett","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0096-3917","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"371","article-title":"Ideas in pathology: Pivotal role of increased cell proliferation in human carcinogenesis","volume":"4","author":"COHEN SM","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mod Pathol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0893-3952","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"213","article-title":"Cancer enhancement by cell proliferation","volume":"374","author":"COHEN SM","year":"1992","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0361-7742","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(88)90028-8","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, biochemical mechanism and mutation accumulation: a comprehensive model of chemical carcinogenesis","volume":"43","author":"CONNOLY RB","year":"1988","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0378-4274","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1039\/b210260a","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis: gene silencing by nickel delivery to the nucleus and gene activation\/inactivation by nickel-induced cells signalling","volume":"5","author":"COSTA M","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Environ Monit"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/0265673031000070811","article-title":"Carcinogenic effects of hyperthermia","volume":"19","author":"DEWHIRST MW","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Hyperthermia","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0265-6736","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2004.06.007","article-title":"Genetic alterations and DNA repair in human carcinogenesis","volume":"14","author":"DIXON K","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1044-579X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(97)00417-5","article-title":"Studies of initiation and promotion of carcinogenesis by N-nitroso compounds","volume":"123","author":"DRABLOS F","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Lett","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0096-3917","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8777(98)00057-3","article-title":"Low DNA repair is a risk factor in skin carcinogenesis: a study of basal cell carcinoma in psoriasis patients","volume":"433","author":"DYBDAHL M","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"15","article-title":"Species differences in chemical carcinogenesis of the thyroid gland, kidney and urinary bladder","volume":"147","author":"DYBING E","year":"1999","journal-title":"IARC Sci Publ","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-5038","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"4217","article-title":"The multi-step nature of cancer development","volume":"44","author":"FARBER E","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0008-5472","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/40.7.1438","article-title":"Carcinogen adducts: use in diagnosis and risk assessment","volume":"40","author":"FARMER PB","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Chem","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0009-9147","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1021\/ci034032s","article-title":"Predictive toxicology: benchmarking molecular descriptors and statistical methods","volume":"43","author":"FENG J","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Chem Inf Comput Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0095-2338","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/81708","article-title":"Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Msh2p-Msh6p interact to form an active mispair recognition complex","volume":"26","author":"FLORES-ROZAS H","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Genet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1061-4036","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"327","article-title":"The experimental study of tumor progression: a review","volume":"14","author":"FOULDS L","year":"1954","journal-title":"Cancer Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0008-5472","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01408","article-title":"DNA damage and repair","volume":"421","author":"FRIEDBERG EC","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-0836","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1159\/000056827","article-title":"Hypothesis: chemical carcinogenesis mediated by a transiently active carcinogen receptor","volume":"91","author":"FROWEIN J","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytogenet Cell Genet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0011-4529","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1515\/DMDI.2000.17.1-4.311","article-title":"Cancer chemoprevention and apoptosis mechanisms induced by dietary polyphenolics","volume":"17","author":"GALATI G","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Metabol Drug Interact","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0334-2190","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2003.02739.x","article-title":"Chemoprevention of gastrointestinal malignancies","volume":"73","author":"GARCEA G","year":"2003","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(97)00283-2","article-title":"The role of DNA adducts in chemical carcinogenesis","volume":"402","author":"GARNER RC","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1986.tb00220.x","article-title":"Relative potency of chemical carcinogens in rodents","volume":"6","author":"GAYLOR DW","year":"1986","journal-title":"Risk Anal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0272-4332","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2003.11.016","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of azo colorants: influence of solubility and bioavailability","volume":"151","author":"GOLKA K","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0378-4274","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"27","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for gastric cancer: the toxicologist's standpoint","volume":"13","author":"GOMES-CARNEIRO MR","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cad Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00296-X","article-title":"The use of gene knockout mice to unravel the mechanisms of toxicity and chemical carcinogenesis","volume":"120","author":"GONZALEZ FJ","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0378-4274","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(01)00109-9","article-title":"Understanding the role of xenobiotic-metabolism in chemical carcinogenesis using gene knockout mice","volume":"477","author":"GONZALEZ FJ","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"49","article-title":"The cell cycle and chemical carcinogenesis","volume":"1","author":"GRISHAM JW","year":"1984","journal-title":"Surv Synth Patho Res"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.3.345","article-title":"Metabolism of chemical carcinogens","volume":"21","author":"GUENGERICH FP","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0143-3334","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5742(01)00059-X","article-title":"Forging the links between metabolism and carcinogenesis","volume":"488","author":"GUENGERICH FP","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40647","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106088200","article-title":"Mammalian p53R2 protein forms an active ribonucleotide reductase in vitro with the R1 protein, which is expressed both in resting cells in response to DNA damage and in proliferating cells","volume":"276","author":"GUITTET O","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9258","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref59","series-title":"Fundamientos de ci\u00eancia toxicol\u00f3gica","first-page":"155","author":"GUTI\u00c9RREZ JB","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81683-9","article-title":"The hallmarks of cancer","volume":"100","author":"HANAHAN D","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0092-8674","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2003.06.002","article-title":"Functional characterization of global genomic DNA repair and its implications for cancer","volume":"544","author":"HANAWALT PC","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-3304-4","article-title":"The common and distinct target genes of the p53 family transcription factors","volume":"61","author":"HARMS K","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1420-682X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s5797","article-title":"Interference by toxic metal ions with DNA repair processes and cell cycle control: molecular mechanisms","volume":"110","author":"HARTWING A","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0091-6765","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(97)00417-5","article-title":"Studies of initiation and promotion of carcinogenesis by N-nitroso compounds","volume":"123","author":"HASEGAWA R","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Lett","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0096-3917","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(01)00010-2","article-title":"Carcinogenesis bioassays: study duration and biological relevance","volume":"39","author":"HASEMAN J","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0278-6915","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.11.2631","article-title":"Thrombospondin-2 plays a protective role in multistep carcinogenesis: a novel host anti-tumor defense mechanism","volume":"20","author":"HAWIGHORST T","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0261-4189","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"206","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility and occupational cancer","volume":"86","author":"HAYSES RB","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med Lav","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0025-7818","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3109\/10409239509083491","article-title":"The glutathione S-transferase supergene family: regulation of GST and the contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemoprotection and drug resistance","volume":"30","author":"HAYSES JD","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1040-9238","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197707)40:1+<430::AID-CNCR2820400703>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Chemical carcinogenesis","volume":"40","author":"HEIDELBERGER C","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0008-543X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-46870-4_4","article-title":"Polymorphisms of N-acetyltransferases, glutathione S-transferases, microsomal epoxide hydrolase and sulfotransferases: influence on cancer susceptibility","volume":"154","author":"HENGSTLER JG","year":"1998","journal-title":"Recent Results Cancer Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0080-0015","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"437","article-title":"Chemical toxicity and chemical carcinogenesis: Is there a causal connection? A comparative morphological evaluation of 1500 experiments","volume":"116","author":"HUFF J","year":"1992","journal-title":"IARC Sci Pub"},{"key":"ref72","series-title":"Carcinogenesis","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Chemicals causally associated with cancers in humans and in laboratory animals: A perfect concordance","author":"HUFF J","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"211","article-title":"Chemicals associated with tumours of the kidney, urinary bladder and thyroid gland in laboratoryrodents from 2000 US National Toxicology Program \/ National Cancer Institute bioassays for carcinogenicity","volume":"147","author":"HUFF J","year":"1999","journal-title":"IARC Sci Pub"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.2.424","article-title":"Expression of the p48 xeroderma pigmentosum gene is p53-dependent and is involved in global genomic repair","volume":"96","author":"HWANG BJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-8424","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(01)00094-X","article-title":"Importance of DNA repair in carcinogenesis: evidence from transgenic and gene targeting studies","volume":"477","author":"ISHIKAWA T","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"353","article-title":"Medium-term bioassays for carcinogens","volume":"116","author":"ITO N","year":"1992","journal-title":"IARC Sci Publ","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-5038","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(01)00003-3","article-title":"Role of areca nut in betel quid-associated chemical carcinogenesis: current awareness and future perspectives","volume":"37","author":"JENG JH","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oral Oncol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1368-8375","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"1611","article-title":"Diverse chemical carcinogens fail to induce G(1) arrest in MCF-7 cells","volume":"21","author":"KHAN QA","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0143-3334","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"Lack of p53-mediated G1 arrest in response to an environmental carcinogen","volume":"57","author":"KHAN QA","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0030-2414","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(95)00043-2","article-title":"Genotoxicity in the rodent urinary bladder","volume":"33","author":"KING C","year":"1995","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0278-6915","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/386761a0","article-title":"Cancer-susceptibility genes: Gatekeepers and caretakers","volume":"386","author":"KINZLER KW","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-0836","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1191\/096032700701546442","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis","volume":"19","author":"KLAUNIG JE","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0960-3271","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.8.1223","article-title":"Drinking water mutagenicity and gastrointestinal and urinary tract cancers: an ecological study in Finland","volume":"84","author":"KOIVUSALO M","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Public Health","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-0036","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.2.552S","article-title":"The role of interindividual variation in human carcinogenesis","volume":"29","author":"LAI C","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nutr","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3166","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/35037523","article-title":"The crystal structure of DNA mismatch repair protein MutS binding to a G \u00d7 T mismatch","volume":"407","author":"LAMERS MH","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-0836","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1021\/tx049652h","article-title":"Prediction of genotoxicity of chemical compounds by statistical learning methods","volume":"18","author":"LI H","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0893-228X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.11.055","article-title":"Lack of formic acid production in rat hepatocytes and human renal proximal tubule cells exposed to chloral hydrate or trichloroacetic acid","volume":"230","author":"LOCK EA","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-483X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-230X(08)60699-5","article-title":"Cancer cells exhibit a mutator phenotype","volume":"72","author":"LOEB LA","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv Cancer Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0065-230X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.856169","article-title":"Computer-assisted mechanistic structure-activity studies: application to diverse classes of chemical carcinogens","volume":"61","author":"LOEW GH","year":"1985","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0091-6765","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1546","article-title":"Nature and nurture: lessons from chemical carcinogenesis","volume":"5","author":"LUCH A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(98)00128-6","article-title":"Dose-response relationships in chemical carcinogenesis: superposition of different mechanismsof action, resulting in linear-nonlinear curves, practical thresholds, J-shapes","volume":"405","author":"LUTZ WK","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1191\/096032799678839653","article-title":"Dose-response relationships in chemical carcinogenesis reflect differences in individual susceptibility: Consequences for cancer risk assessment, extrapolation, and prevention","volume":"18","author":"LUTZ WK","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0960-3271","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1191\/096032700701546488","article-title":"A true threshold dose in chemical carcinogenesis cannot be defined for a population, irrespective of the mode of action","volume":"19","author":"LUTZ WK","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0960-3271","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(01)00211-1","article-title":"Susceptibility differences in chemical carcinogenesis linearize the dose-response relationship: threshold doses can be defined only for individuals","volume":"482","author":"LUTZ WK","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00458-1","article-title":"Differences in individual susceptibility to toxic effects of chemicals determine the dose-response relationship and consequences of setting exposure standards","volume":"126","author":"LUTZ WK","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0378-4274","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339602400628","article-title":"A symposium summary and perspective on comparative molecular biology of cancer","volume":"24","author":"MARONPOT RR","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0192-6233","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339602400611","article-title":"The contribution of the mouse in hazard identification studies","volume":"24","author":"MARONPOT RR","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0192-6233","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/35043102","article-title":"Human cancer cell lines: fact and fantasy","volume":"1","author":"MASTERS JR","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(95)03790-4","article-title":"The potential for the use of cell proliferation and oncogene expression as intermediate markers during liver carcinogenesis","volume":"93","author":"MEHTA R","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Lett","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0096-3917","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref100","first-page":"3","article-title":"Cell proliferation and chemical carcinogenesis: symposium overview","volume":"101","author":"MELNICK RL","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0091-6765","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"123","article-title":"Implications for risk assessment of suggested non-genotoxic mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis","volume":"104","author":"MELNICK RL","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0091-6765","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"547","article-title":"In vivo combinations between carcinogens and tissue constituints and theirpossible role in carcinogenesis","volume":"12","author":"MILLER EC","year":"1952","journal-title":"Cancer Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0008-5472","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(75)90039-1","article-title":"Metabolic activation and reactivity of chemical carcinogens","volume":"33","author":"MILLER JA","year":"1975","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00279-X","article-title":"Genetic variability in susceptibility and response to toxicants","volume":"120","author":"MILLER 3RD MC","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0378-4274","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref105","first-page":"1","article-title":"K-ras mutation: early detection in molecular diagnosis and risk assessment of colorectal, pancreas, and lung cancers-a review","volume":"24","author":"MINAMOTO T","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Detect Prev","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0361-090X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref106","first-page":"113","article-title":"The role of cell proliferation in chemical carcinogenesis","volume":"340","author":"MIRSALIS JC","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0361-7742","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.97","article-title":"Relationship between schistosomiasis and bladder cancer","volume":"12","author":"MOSTAFA MH","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0893-8512","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref108","first-page":"33","article-title":"[Molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis: the role of systems of DNA repair]","volume":"182","author":"MOUSTACCHI E","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull Acad Natl Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0001-4079","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4283","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203774","article-title":"A ribonucleotide reductase gene is a transcriptional target of p53 and p73","volume":"19","author":"NAKANO K","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncogene","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0950-9232","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"925","article-title":"Epigenetic events during the process of cell transformation induced by carcinogens (review)","volume":"6","author":"NGUYEN-BA G","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncol Rep","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1021-335X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.033","article-title":"Analysis of the involvement of human N-acetyltransferase 1 in the genotoxic activation of bladder carcinogenic arylamines using a SOS\/umu assay system","volume":"554","author":"ODA Y","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1177\/019262330002800305","article-title":"Metabolic detoxification: implications for thresholds","volume":"28","author":"OESCH F","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0192-6233","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9861(03)00283-2","article-title":"Chemical basis of inflammation-induced carcinogenesis","volume":"417","author":"OHSHIMA H","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-9861","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2005.03.030","article-title":"Prevention of human cancer by modulation of chronicinflammatory processes","volume":"591","author":"OHSHIMA H","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(99)00022-6","article-title":"Correlation of DNA adduct levels with tumor incidence: carcinogenic potency of DNA adducts","volume":"424","author":"OTTENEDER M","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.100058","article-title":"The role of metabolic activation in drug-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"45","author":"PARK BK","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0362-1642","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref117","first-page":"355","article-title":"p27(Kip1) (Cdkn1b): deficient mice are susceptible to chemical carcinogenesis and may be a useful model for carcinogen screening","volume":"31","author":"PAYNE SR","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0192-6233","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref118","first-page":"53","article-title":"Animal models of neoplastic development","volume":"106","author":"PITOT HC","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.9.1860619","article-title":"Facts and theories concerning the mechanisms of carcinogenesis","volume":"5","author":"PITOT HC","year":"1991","journal-title":"FASEB J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0892-6638","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.4.6.831","article-title":"Laser capture microdissection, microarrays and the precise definition of a cancer cell","volume":"4","author":"PLAYER A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.3.353","article-title":"Carcinogen macromolecular adducts and their measurement","volume":"21","author":"POIRIER MC","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0143-3334","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1978.159","article-title":"Phenotypic diversity in experimental hepatomas: the concept of partially blocked ontogeny. The 10 Walter Hubert Lecture","volume":"38","author":"POTTER VR","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br J Cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-0920","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5778","article-title":"The role of transgenic mouse models in carcinogen identification","volume":"111","author":"PRITCHARD JB","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0091-6765","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/23.1.151","article-title":"Acquisition of apoptotic resistance in arsenic-induced malignant transformation: role of the JNK signal transduction pathway","volume":"23","author":"QU W","year":"2002","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0143-3334","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/7.2.247","article-title":"Biochemical and morphologic studies of heterogeneous lobe responses in hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"7","author":"RICHARDSON FC","year":"1986","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0143-3334","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref126","series-title":"Pathologic basis of disease","first-page":"319","author":"ROBBINS D","year":"2005","edition":"7"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.1.35","article-title":"Modulation of benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide-DNA adduct levels in human white bloodcells by CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphism","volume":"21","author":"ROJAS M","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0143-3334","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2005.06.001","article-title":"DNA adducts, DNA repair genotype\/phenotype and cancer risk","volume":"592","author":"SANTELLA RM","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref129","first-page":"306","article-title":"How chemicals may induce cancer","volume":"24","author":"SARASIN A","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biomedicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-0893","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37469","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M006990200","article-title":"p53 and c- Jun functionally synergize in the regulation of the DNA repair gene hMSH2 in response to UV","volume":"275","author":"SCHERER SJ","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9258","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1159\/000225109","article-title":"Combination effects in chemical carcinogenesis (experimental results)","volume":"33","author":"SCHMAHL D","year":"1976","journal-title":"Oncology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0030-2414","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.3109\/03602538409041079","article-title":"Metabolism of carcinogenic amino derivatives in various species and DNA alkylation by their metabolites","volume":"15","author":"SCHUT HA","year":"1984","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0360-2532","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)60244-4","article-title":"Mechanisms for the initiation and promotion of carcinogenesis: a review and a new concept","volume":"59","author":"SCOTT RE","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0025-6196","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref134","first-page":"217","article-title":"Chronic inflammation and cancer","volume":"6","author":"SHACTER E","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0030-2414","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4901","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-0098","article-title":"Biological relevance of adduct detection of the chemopreventation of cancer","volume":"10","author":"SHARMA RA","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1078-0432","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.03.012","article-title":"Oxidative stress and apoptosis in metal ion-induced carcinogenesis","volume":"37","author":"SHI H","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0891-5849","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00293-4","article-title":"New models for assessing carcinogenesis: an ongoing process","volume":"120","author":"SILLS RC","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0378-4274","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevOncog.v6.i3-6.40","article-title":"Genetic, epigenetic, dysgenetic, and non-genetic mechanisms in tumorigenesis","volume":"6","author":"SIMONS JW","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncog","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0893-9675","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref139","first-page":"4781","article-title":"Genetic, epigenetic, dysgenetic and non-genetic mechanisms in tumorigenesis: II. Further delineation of the rate limiting step","volume":"19","author":"SIMONS JW","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anticancer Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0250-7005","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(75)90111-6","article-title":"Charlotte Auerbach and chemical mutagenesis","volume":"29","author":"SOBELS FH","year":"1975","journal-title":"Mutation Res"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1981.141","article-title":"Initiation and promotion at different ages and doses in 2200 mice: I. Methods, and the apparent persistence of initiated cells","volume":"44","author":"STENB\u00c4CK F","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-0920","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/bms.1200080914","article-title":"Carcinogen binding to DNA","volume":"8","author":"STRAUB KM","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biomed Mass Spectrom","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0306-042X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/13.4.727","article-title":"Etheno adducts formed in DNA of vinyl chloride-exposed rats are highly persistent in liver","volume":"13","author":"SWENBERG JA","year":"1992","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0143-3334","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.10.3247-3254.2002","article-title":"p53 Binds and activates the xeroderma pigmentosum DDB2 gene in humans but not mice","volume":"22","author":"TAN T","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0270-7306","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref145","first-page":"473","article-title":"Evaluation and validation issues in the development of transgenic mouse carcinogenicity bioassays","volume":"106","author":"TENNANT RW","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0091-6765","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.95103942","article-title":"Identifying chemical carcinogens and assessing potential risk in short-term bioassays using transgenic mouse models","volume":"103","author":"TENNANT RW","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0091-6765","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref147","first-page":"123","article-title":"Genetically altered mouse models for identifying carcinogens","volume":"146","author":"TENNANT RW","year":"1999","journal-title":"IARC Sci Publ","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-5038","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref148","first-page":"467","article-title":"Species susceptibilities to chemical carcinogenes: a critical appraisal of the roles of genetic and viral agents","volume":"15","author":"TOTH B","year":"2001","journal-title":"In Vivo","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0258-851X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.1021","article-title":"Commentary: is the concept of \"tumor promotion\" a useful paradigm?","volume":"30","author":"TROSKO JE","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0899-1987","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref150","first-page":"43","article-title":"The role of stem cells and gap junctional intercellular communication in carcinogenesis","volume":"36","author":"TROSKO JE","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2174\/1568009054064624","article-title":"The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane as a model system for the study of tumor angiogenesis, invasion and development of anti-angiogenic agents","volume":"5","author":"TUFAN AC","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5742(01)00062-X","article-title":"From exposure to effect: a comparison of modeling approaches to chemical carcinogenesis","volume":"489","author":"VAN LEEUWEN IM","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1087","article-title":"Cancer genes and the pathways they control","volume":"10","author":"VOGELSTEIN B","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1078-8956","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/68.2.275","article-title":"Thresholds of carcinogenicity of flavors","volume":"68","author":"WADDELL WJ","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1096-6080","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref155","first-page":"405","article-title":"Genetic toxicity of N-methylcarbamate insecticides and their N-nitroso derivatives","volume":"13","author":"WANG TC","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mutagenesis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0267-8257","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(88)90202-3","article-title":"Strategies for inhibiting multistage carcinogenesis based on signal transduction pathways","volume":"202","author":"WEINSTEIN IB","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref157","first-page":"5080","article-title":"Cancer prevention: recent progress and future opportunities","volume":"51","author":"WEINSTEIN IB","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0008-5472","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(97)00313-8","article-title":"Worldwide prevention of cancer and other chronic diseases based on knowledge of mechanisms","volume":"402","author":"WEISBURGER JH","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref159","first-page":"105","article-title":"Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity testing, then and now","volume":"437","author":"WEISBURGER JH","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mutat Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-5107","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/7.6.853","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 binding to plasma albumin and liver DNA upon chronic administration to rats","volume":"7","author":"Wild CP","year":"1986","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0143-3334","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(01)00442-5","article-title":"Mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis and application to human cancer risk assessment","volume":"161","author":"WILLIAMS GM","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-483X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.1.12","article-title":"p53-mediated regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in cells exposed to ionizing radiation","volume":"19","author":"XU J","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0270-7306","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref163","first-page":"1","article-title":"Experimental study of the pathogenesis of carcinoma","volume":"3","author":"YAMAGIWA K","year":"1918","journal-title":"J Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1081\/GNC-200052205","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Lung Cancer in Female Passive Smokers","volume":"23","author":"YANG M","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-230X(08)60434-0","article-title":"Chemical carcinogenesis: from animal models to molecular models in one decade","volume":"50","author":"YUSPA SH","year":"1988","journal-title":"Adv Cancer Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0065-230X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref166","first-page":"157","article-title":"Organ specificity and tumor promotion","volume":"24","author":"YUSPA SH","year":"1983","journal-title":"Basic Life Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-5542","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ci\u00eancias"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/aabc\/v79n4\/a04v79n4.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T06:39:04Z","timestamp":1588142344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652007000400004&lng=en&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"references-count":166,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0001-37652007000400004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0001-37652007000400004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-3765"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-3765","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}}}