{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T23:00:57Z","timestamp":1772233257332,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hist. cienc. saude-Manguinhos"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract This paper examines the current scientific and sociopolitical discourse on the origins of SARS-CoV-2, focusing on Viral by Alina Chan and Matt Ridley and Breathless by David Quammen. These books present contrasting narratives, highlighting competition within the scientific community and conflicts of interest. Central to the debate are the Huanan Seafood Market and Wuhan Institute of Virology, with discussions that involve zoonotic spillover and high-containment lab research. Both sources stress the need to identify the origins of the novel coronavirus to prevent future pandemics, but they diverge on key aspects, particularly regarding the importance and risks associated with laboratory research on potentially pandemic pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s0104-59702025000100061en","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T15:01:59Z","timestamp":1765810919000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From nature or from a laboratory? Science, health, and politics in the dispute over the origin of SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1469-6638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Waizbort","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiocruz,  Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3653-1511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Dion\u00edsio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa,  Portugal"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"ref1","article-title":"The harms of promoting the lab leak hypothesis for SARS-CoV-2 origins without evidence","volume":"98","author":"ALWINE James C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","article-title":"A critical analysis of the evidence for the SARS-CoV-2 origin hypotheses","volume":"97","author":"ALWINE James C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","article-title":"The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"26","author":"ANDERSEN Kristian G.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gain-of-function and origin of covid-19","volume":"52","author":"BERCHE Patrick","year":"2023","journal-title":"La Presse M\u00e9dicale"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"1","article-title":"The costs and benefits of primary prevention of zoonotic pandemics","volume":"8","author":"BERNSTEIN Aaron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0771-4","article-title":"Evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2 sarbecovirus lineage responsible for the covid-19 pandemic","volume":"5","author":"BONI Maciej F.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Microbiology"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Covid conspiracy theories in global perspective","author":"BUTTER Michael","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"La peste","author":"CAMUS Albert","year":"1947"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","first-page":"189","article-title":"Contra el neolamarckismo escolar: la representaci\u00f3n fisiol\u00f3gica de la adaptaci\u00f3n como obst\u00e1culo para la comprensi\u00f3n de la Teor\u00eda de la Selecci\u00f3n Natural","volume":"16","author":"CAPONI Gustavo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Scientiae"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Leyes sin causa y causas sin ley en la explicaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica","author":"CAPONI Gustavo","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Viral: the search for the origin of covid-19","author":"CHAN Alina","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Origin of covid-19: why the pandemic probably started in a lab, in 5 key points","author":"CHAN Alina","year":"2024","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref13","article-title":"Socio-economic impacts and challenges of the coronavirus pandemic (covid-19): an updated review","volume":"14","author":"DELARDAS Orestis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","article-title":"Four years later, is it already known the origin of SARS-CoV-2?","volume":"5","author":"DOMINGO Jose L","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health Reports"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"ECOHEALTH Alliance's Response to Recent Allegations","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112141","article-title":"Origin of covid-19: dismissing the Mojiang mine theory and the laboratory accident narrative","volume":"204","author":"FRUTOS Roger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"There is no origin to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"207","author":"FRUTOS Roger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Understanding the origin of covid-19 requires to change the paradigm on zoonotic emergence from the spillover to the circulation model","volume":"95","author":"FRUTOS Roger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution"},{"issue":"40","key":"ref19","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 furin cleavage site was not engineered","volume":"119","author":"GARRY Robert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"240","article-title":"What do we know about the origin of covid-19 three years later?","volume":"223","author":"GAVIRIA Zapatero A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Revista Cl\u00ednica Espa\u00f1ola"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Environmental spillover of emerging viruses: Is it true?","volume":"233","author":"GAVOTTE Laurent","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-093022-013037","article-title":"The emergence and evolution of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"11","author":"HOLMES Edward","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annual Review of Virology"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.08.017","article-title":"The origins of SARS-CoV-2: a critical review","volume":"184","author":"HOLMES Edward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Viral by Alina Chan and Matt Ridley review - was Covid-19 really made in China?","author":"HONIGSBAUM Mark","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Guardian"},{"issue":"7815","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2169-0","article-title":"Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins","volume":"583","author":"LAM Tommy Tsan-Yuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","first-page":"208","article-title":"Review on the disputes between China and the US during the initial stage of covid-19","volume":"5","author":"LIU Jiaxing","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Science Research"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-03611-w","article-title":"Chances of finding covid-virus ancestor almost nil, say virologists","author":"MALLAPATY Smriti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature News"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Station eleven","author":"MANDEL Emily St. John","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Covid-19 outbreak: impact on global economy","volume":"10","author":"NASEER Saira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"1","article-title":"The future of evolutionary medicine: sparking innovation in biomedicine and public health","volume":"1","author":"NATTERSON-HOROWITZ Barbara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Science"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e270","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00021-4","article-title":"Interconnecting global threats: climate change, biodiversity loss, and infectious diseases","volume":"8","author":"PFENNING-BUTTERWORTH Alaina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Breathless: the scientific race to defeat a deadly virus","author":"QUAMMEN David","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Spillover: animal infections and the next human pandemic","author":"QUAMMEN David","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v122\/i3\/247-250","article-title":"Mojiang mine, RaTG13, miners' disease and related samples remain essential clues in the origin of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"122","author":"RAHALKAR Monali C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Science"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lethal pneumonia cases in Mojiang miners (2012) and the mineshaft could provide important clues to the origin of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"8","author":"RAHALKAR Monali C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0293-3","article-title":"Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production","volume":"2","author":"ROHR Jason","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref37","first-page":"1","article-title":"The genetic structure of SARS-CoV-2 does not rule out a laboratory origin","volume":"43","author":"SEGRETO Rossana","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01211-0","article-title":"Should we discount the laboratory origin of covid-19?","volume":"19","author":"SEGRETO Rossana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Chemical Letters"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Potential risks and benefits of gain-of-function research: summary of a workshop","author":"SHARPLESS Frances","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref40","first-page":"10","article-title":"Hist\u00f3ria, doen\u00e7as e ecologia p\u00f3s-covid-19: agenciamentos multiesp\u00e9cies na era planet\u00e1ria","volume":"23","author":"SILVA Andr\u00e9 Felipe C\u00e2ndido da","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anais do Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical da Universidade Nova de Lisboa"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-related bat virus behavior in human-relevant models sheds light on the origin of covid-19","volume":"24","author":"TEEMMAN Sarah","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO Reports"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"New pandemics, old politics: two hundred years of war on disease and its alternatives","author":"WAAL Alex de","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Origin of covid: following the clues: did people or nature open Pandora's box at Wuhan?","author":"WADE Nicholas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.32991\/2237-2717.2024v14i1.p48-76","article-title":"Paving the way for pandemics: proximate and remote causes of covid-19","volume":"14","author":"WAIZBORT Ricardo F","year":"2024","journal-title":"HALAC: Historia Ambiental Latinoamericana y Caribe\u00f1a"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref45","article-title":"Another silent spring","author":"WORSTER Donald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environment and Society Portal: Virtual Exhibitions"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2313-x","article-title":"Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins","volume":"583","author":"XIAO Kangpeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Animal sales from Wuhan wet markets immediately prior to the covid-19 pandemic","volume":"11","author":"XIAO Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 is well adapted for humans: what does this mean for re-emergence?","author":"ZHAN Shing Hei","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioRxiv"}],"container-title":["Hist\u00f3ria, Ci\u00eancias, Sa\u00fade-Manguinhos"],"original-title":["Natural ou laboratorial? Ci\u00eancia, sa\u00fade e pol\u00edtica no debate sobre a origem do SARS-CoV-2"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S0104-59702025000100500&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T15:02:05Z","timestamp":1765810925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-59702025000100500&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0104-59702025000100500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0104-59702025000100061en","relation":{"is-translation-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1590\/s0104-59702025000100061","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1590\/s0104-59702025000100061","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1678-4758","0104-5970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1678-4758","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0104-5970","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"e2025061"}}