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Ci\u00eanc. Geod."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract: Threshold selection plays a crucial role in detecting complex and irregular surface features, such as the Swiss Cheese formations found in the south polar region of Mars. This study aims to evaluate and compare the performance of manual and automatic thresholding strategies for detecting Swiss Cheese features. The automatic strategies tested include adaptive thresholding (with average and median-based variants), Otsu\u2019s method, and multilevel thresholding, all integrated into a detection workflow based on digital image processing and mathematical morphology. These approaches were applied to orbital images with spatial resolutions of 0.25 m and 1.5 m. Manual thresholding achieved the highest precision (97.59%) and overall quality (83.80%). Among the automated strategies, multilevel thresholding and Otsu\u2019s method yielded the best results, with multilevel thresholding reaching 87.29% precision and 28.38% quality, while Otsu\u2019s method reached 78.39% precision and 30.91% quality. These findings highlight the challenge of defining a global threshold due to illumination variability, contrast differences, and the irregular morphology of the Swiss Cheese formations. The results support the development of a more systematic and reproducible workflow for planetary surface analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s1982-21702025000100008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T14:53:44Z","timestamp":1754924024000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Threshold selection for detecting Swiss Cheese polar patterns on Mars using orbital images"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7053-1403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Soares","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University,  Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0263-312X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato C\u00e9sar dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University,  Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9137-171X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Henrique Barros de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University,  Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3769-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Pina","family":"Cardim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University,  Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4808-2362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio Galante","family":"Negri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University,  Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6237-3070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samara Cal\u00e7ado de","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Itajub\u00e1,  Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3199-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra,  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7069-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erivaldo Antonio da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University,  Brazil"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"7002","article-title":"Kinematics Mapping and Monitoring of \u201cSwiss Cheese\u2019\u2019\u2019 Features in the Polar Icy Regions Over Two Martian Years Base on HIRISE-MOC (NASA) Images","volume":"1920","author":"Aftabi P.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual Planetary Geologic Mappers Meeting"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2011.08.021","article-title":"Detection of sub-kilometer craters in high resolution planetary images using shape and texture features","volume":"49","author":"Bandeira L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Space Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2010.2098390","article-title":"Automated Detection of Martian Dune Fields","volume":"8","author":"Bandeira L.","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72847-4_26","article-title":"Development of a methodology for automated crater detection on planetary images","volume":"4477","author":"Bandeira L. 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