{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T20:51:47Z","timestamp":1760820707749,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Limnol. Bras."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AimIn this research, we aimed to model limnological parameters in the Salina Unidos (Macau-Brazil) using GIS technology. We hypothesized that in solar saltworks, the geochemical characteristics of the brines (i.e. the strong solution of salts) vary considerably through the salt ponds circuit, in which drastic changes can damage the entire salt production.MethodsGeochemical parameters were monitored in seven sampling points distributed along the salt ponds circuit, during a complete cycle of salt production, i.e., from January to December 2007. The open source software Spring 5.1.6 was used to build, store, analyze and model the spatial distribution of the parameters.ResultsWe identified a spatial gradient of the salinity and temperature, with values increasing from evaporation ponds to concentration ponds, showing a relationship with the salt production. The parameters, depth, dissolved oxygen concentrations and total dissolved reactive phosphorus showed a decrease from the evaporation ponds towards the concentration ponds. Among the dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms analyzed (NH3-, NO2- and NO3-), nitrate was the predominant, namely in the concentration ponds, where it reached the highest concentrations. The concentration of chlorophyll awas higher in the initial and intermediate evaporation ponds, showing a distinct dynamics of in relation to other environmental variables.ConclusionsThe increased concentration of the analyzed limnological parameters, from the evaporation ponds towards the concentration ponds, evidenced a heterogeneous distribution varying significantly with season. The geochemical spatialization of brine, as illustrated by GIS approach, is very important for the conservation of these environments because this spatial heterogeneity can provide a high diversity of habitat types. This spatial analysis proved to be a practical tool for an adequate management of solar saltworks considering the environmental (ecosystem) and the socio-economic aspects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/s2179-975x2114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,8]],"date-time":"2015-05-08T20:39:19Z","timestamp":1431117559000},"page":"105-117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Spatial modeling of limnological parameters in a solar saltwork of northeastern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Di\u00f3genes F\u00e9lix da Silva","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; University of Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Etham de Lucena","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Para\u00edba, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Amadeu Mort\u00e1gua Velho de Maia","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Lilleb\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Renato de Medeiros","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2008.09.007","article-title":"Biochemical adaptation of phytoplankton to salinity and nutrient gradients in a coastal solar saltwork, Tunisia","volume":"80","author":"Abid O.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The deterministic factors of the Microcystis aeruginosa blooms over a biyearly survey in hypereutrophic reservoir of Villerest (Roanne, France)","volume":"99","author":"Aleya L.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Hydrobiologie"},{"edition":"18th","year":"1992","series-title":"Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater","key":"ref3"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00350071","article-title":"Effect of temperature and light on the growth of micro- nano- and pico-plankton: impact on algal succession","volume":"120","author":"AndersSon A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Marine Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00006084","article-title":"A proposes framework for developing indicators of ecosystem health","volume":"263","author":"Cairns JUNIOR J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0097-8493(96)00008-8","article-title":"Spring: Integrating remote sensing and GIS by object-oriented data modelling","volume":"20","author":"C\u00e2mara G.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Computers & Graphics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2307\/3236425","article-title":"Constrained indicator species analysis (COINSPAN): An extension of TWINSPAN","volume":"7","author":"Carleton T.J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Vegetation Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/01490450500182672","article-title":"Community structure, geochemical characteristics and mineralogy of a hypersaline microbial mat, Cabo Rojo, PR","volume":"22","author":"Casillas-Martinez L.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geomicrobiology Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-160X(01)00003-6","article-title":"Challenges in the development and use of ecological indicators","volume":"1","author":"Dale V.H.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecological Indicators"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","first-page":"73","article-title":"Management of biological systems for continuously operated solar saltworks","volume":"11","author":"DAVIS J.S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Global NEST Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref11","first-page":"217","article-title":"Structure, function, and management of the biological system for seasonal solar saltworks","volume":"2","author":"DAVIS J.S.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Global NEST Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01999117","article-title":"Biological and physical events involved in the origin, effects, and control of organic matter in solar saltworks","volume":"4","author":"Davis J.S.","journal-title":"International Journal of Salt Lake Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-005-5553-0","article-title":"Abundance and growth response of microalgae at Megalon Embolon solar saltworks in northern Greece: an aquaculture prospect","volume":"17","author":"Dolapsakis N.P.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Phycology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3989\/scimar.2008.72n159","article-title":"Dynamics of dinoflagellates and environmental factors during the summer in the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia, Eastern Mediterranean Sea)","volume":"72","author":"Drira Z.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scientia Marina"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"345","article-title":"Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach","volume":"67","author":"Dufrene M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecological Monographs"},{"year":"1978","series-title":"Methods for physical and chemical analysis of freshwaters","author":"Golterman H.L.","key":"ref16"},{"year":"1989","series-title":"Hypersaline environments. Microbiology and biogeochemistry","author":"JAVOR B.J.","key":"ref17"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00927.x","article-title":"Primary production, nutrient assimilation and microzooplankton grazing along a hypersaline gradient","volume":"39","author":"Joint I.","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiology Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2010.02.019","article-title":"The concept of ecological succession applied to phytoplankton over four consecutive years in five ponds featuring a salinity gradient","volume":"88","author":"Khemakhem H.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","first-page":"49","article-title":"Solar saltworks\u2019 wetland function","volume":"11","author":"Korovessis N.A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Global NEST Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2307\/1941776","article-title":"Assessing the indicators properties of species assemblages for natural areas monitoring","volume":"2","author":"Kremen C.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-009-0998-2","article-title":"Selection of ecological indicators for the conservation, management and monitoring of Mediterranean coastal salinas","volume":"166","author":"L\u00f3pez E.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},{"year":"1978","series-title":"Water analysis: some revised methods for limnologists","author":"Mackereth F.J.H.","key":"ref23"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-9063-8-8","article-title":"Brazilian solar saltworks - ancient uses and future possibilities","volume":"8","author":"Medeiros Rocha R.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquatic Biosystems"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-005-9011-x","article-title":"Evaluating ecological indicators: lakes in the northeastern United States","volume":"119","author":"Murtaugh P.A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"The strategy and design of the effectiveness monitoring program for the Northwest forest plan","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Conceptual basis for designing and effectiveness monitoring program","author":"Noon B.R.","year":"1999"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.63.2.334-348.1999","article-title":"Bioenergetic aspects of halophilism","volume":"63","author":"Oren A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Ecology of Cyanobacteria: their diversity in time and space","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Salts and brines","author":"Oren A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3354\/ame01297","article-title":"Saltwork evaporation ponds as model systems for the study of primary production processes under hypersaline conditions","volume":"56","author":"Oren A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquatic Microbial Ecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-003-3059-6","article-title":"An ecological integrity index for littoral wetlands in agricultural catchments of semiarid mediterranean regions","volume":"33","author":"Ortega M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environmental Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6496(00)00025-8","article-title":"The microbial food web along salinity gradients","volume":"32","author":"Pedr\u00f3s-Ali\u00f3 C.","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiology Ecology"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Conservation biology: Research priorities for the next decade","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Making smart conservation decisions","author":"Possingham H.P.","year":"2001"},{"year":"1975","series-title":"Analyse de l\u2019eau: eauxnaturelles, eaux residuals, eaux de mer","author":"RODIER J.L.","key":"ref33"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Halophilic Bacteria","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Characteristics and microbial ecology of hypersaline environments","volume":"1","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Valera F.","year":"1988"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01995826","article-title":"Production of polysaccharide slime by microbial mats in the hypersaline environment of a Western Australian solar saltfield","volume":"5","author":"Roux J.M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Salt Lake Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2307\/2347973","article-title":"An extension of Shapiro and Wilk's W test for normality to large samples","volume":"31","author":"Royston P.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Statistics"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"243","article-title":"The importance of supratidal foraging habitats for waders at a south temperate estuary","volume":"80","author":"Velasquez C.R.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ardea"},{"year":"2000","series-title":"Limnological analysis","author":"Wetzel R.G.","key":"ref38"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014502510903","article-title":"Limnological control of brine shrimp population dynamics and cyst production in the Great Salt Lake, Utah","volume":"466","author":"Wurtsbaugh W.A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.429","article-title":"Use of focal species in marine conservation and management: A review and critique","volume":"11","author":"Zacharias M.A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aquatic Conservation: Marine & Freshwater Ecosystems"}],"container-title":["Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/alb\/v27n1\/2179-975X-alb-27-1-105.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T21:30:42Z","timestamp":1748381442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2179-975X2015000100010&lng=en&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S2179-975X2015000100010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s2179-975x2114","relation":{},"ISSN":["2179-975X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2179-975X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}}}