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The single available anthrax vaccine in the United States for human use, formerly known as MDPH\u2010PA, has decreased ability to protect laboratory animals against virulent <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic> strains, especially compared with new vaccines being developed. Studies with these vaccines, however, have several shortcomings. The pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of anthrax are discussed, as well as the implications that an attack with <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic> would place on the health care system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.19.9.690.31543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,7]],"date-time":"2004-05-07T04:23:21Z","timestamp":1083903801000},"page":"690-701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Bacillus anthracis: Medical Issues of Biologic Warfare"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Khalid H.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gigi","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Rotschafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550050061035","article-title":"Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents","volume":"208","author":"Franz DR","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-6-199809150-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7973702"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.5.429"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Anthrax","volume":"48","author":"Burnett JW","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"126","article-title":"Anthrax and its transmission to humans","volume":"26","author":"McKendrick DRA","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cent Afr J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-5-199409010-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-80451-9_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"314","volume-title":"Medical microbiology","author":"Mims CA","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","unstructured":"OrentW.Winning a deadly war.Atlanta Journal\u2010ConstitutionDecember 13 1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"72","volume-title":"Microbiology, an introduction","author":"Tortora GJ","year":"1992"},{"volume-title":"Pentagon plans mass anthrax vaccinations","year":"1997","author":"Gillert DJ","key":"e_1_2_1_13_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.49.574.565"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550050080037","article-title":"Iraq's biologic weapons: the past as future?","volume":"278","author":"Zilinskas RA","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.12.5171-5175.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(84)90003-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5364.734"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","first-page":"1885","volume-title":"Principles and practice of infectious diseases","author":"Lew D","year":"1995"},{"volume-title":"Drugdex system","author":"Micromedex Inc.","key":"e_1_2_1_20_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Med Lett Drugs Ther","author":"Abramowicz M","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","first-page":"69","article-title":"Bioterrorism alleging use of anthrax and interim guidelines for management\u2014United States, 1998","volume":"48","year":"1999","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.5.1239"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400044272"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.2.303-308.1990","article-title":"Immunization against anthrax with aromatic compound\u2010dependent (Aro\u2010)mutants of Bacillus anthracis and with recombinant strains of Bacillus subtilis that produce anthrax protective antigen","volume":"58","author":"Ivins BE","year":"1990","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(91)90237-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","unstructured":"NassM.Anthrax vaccine safety and efficacy\u2014USA. 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