{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T06:10:10Z","timestamp":1770531010422,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,17]],"date-time":"2012-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1326758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4399,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for human immunodeficiency virus\u20101 (HIV\u20101) and prophylactic therapy for opportunistic infections have increased survival. Adverse effects of HAART include lipid profile alterations, diabetes mellitus, and fat redistribution. These metabolic and physical changes are called the HIV\u2010associated lipodystrophy syndrome. A link to protease inhibitors has been suggested, and more recently to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and factors related to duration of HIV\u20101 infection itself.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.20.1.13.34667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,10]],"date-time":"2004-06-10T10:27:54Z","timestamp":1086863274000},"page":"13-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["HIV\u2010Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Roula B.","family":"Qaqish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Rublein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Wohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803263381301"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","unstructured":"ChiassonMA BrensonL. LiW. et al.Accelerating decline in New York City AIDS mortality [abstr]. In: and Abstracts of the 5th Conference on Retrovirus and Opportunistic Infections Chicago February 26 1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)62505-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-10-199711150-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-10-199711150-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","unstructured":"DongBJ GrutaCI LeggJJ.Diabetes and use of protease inhibitor [abstr]. In: and Abstracts of the 12th World AIDS conference Geneva June 28July 31 1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","unstructured":"FDA Med Bull 1997 27 2 Protease inhibitors may increase blood glucose in HIV patients"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","article-title":"Protease inhibitor metabolic side effects: cholesterol, triglyceride, blood sugar and \u201cCrixbelly.\u201d","author":"James JS","year":"1977","journal-title":"AIDS Treatment News"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810293391806"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)70281-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.1998.09.590"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","unstructured":"MadgeS. DeLoesKinloch S. TyrerM. JohnsonMA.Lipodystrophy syndrome (LS) in patients on reverse transcriptase inhibitors [abstr]. In: and Abstracts of the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Chicago January 31February 4 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","unstructured":"Saint\u2010MarcT. Poizot\u2010MartinI. PartisaniM. FabreJ. TouraineJL.A syndrome of lipodystrophy in patients receiving a stable nucleoside\u2010analogue therapy [abstr]. In: and Abstracts of the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Chicago January 31February 4 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199903110-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199903010-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)08468-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199807000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11518-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","unstructured":"KotlerDP.Update on lipid abnormalities and cardiovascular complications in HIV infection. Symposium San Diego [online] October 20 1998. Available from:http:www.medscape.commedscapeHIVtreatmentupdate1998tu05publictoctu05.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","article-title":"Truncal obesity \u201cCrix\u2010belly\u201d\u2013\u2010is it what it appears to be or something else?","author":"Kotler DP","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical care option for HIV monthly experts column [online]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11443-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810293391807"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)64011-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597649"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)63513-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Changes in body habitus and serum lipid abnormalities in HIV\u2010positive women on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)","volume":"21","author":"Dong K.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","unstructured":"WardD. DelaneyK. MoormanA. et al.Clinical factors related to lipodystrophy severity in the HIV outpatient study (HOPS) [abstr]. In: and Abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy San Francisco September 2629 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199806000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","unstructured":"GlesbyM. DesaiA. ErbeldingE. KostmanJ..High prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance prior to initiating protease inhibitor therapy [abstr]. In: and Abstracts of the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Chicago January 31February 4 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","volume-title":"Summary report of the First International Workshop on Adverse Drug Reactions and Lipodystrophy in HIV","author":"Kotler DP","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","unstructured":"PoloR. VerdejoM. Gonzalez\u2010MunozM. et al.Lipodystrophy related to NRT inhibitors in HAART therapy [abstr]. In: and Abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy San Francisco September 2629 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03391-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","unstructured":"StevensGJ ChenM. GreckoR. et al.Preclinical investigations into the mechanism by which HIV protease inhibitors may induce metabolic disorders [abstr]. In: and Abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy San Francisco September 2629 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","unstructured":"MulliganK. TaiVW AlgrenH. ChernoffDN LoJC SchambelanM..Evidence of unique metabolic effects of protease inhibitors [abstr]. In: and Abstracts of the 5th Conference of Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Chicago February 26 1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)06102-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78643-8","article-title":"Vascular complications associated with use of HIV protease inhibitor [letter]","volume":"351","author":"Gallet B.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)79053-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)26026-0","article-title":"Vascular complications associated with use of HIV protease inhibitor [letter]","volume":"351","author":"Behren G.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)26026-0","article-title":"Vascular complications associated with use of HIV protease inhibitor [letter]","volume":"351","author":"Escaut DV","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78645-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","unstructured":"JuetteA. SalzebergB. FranzenC. RoemerK. DiehlV. FaetkenheuerG..Increase morbidity from severe coronary heart disease in HIV\u2010patients receiving protease inhibitor [abstr]. In: and Abstracts of the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Chicago January 31February 4 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","unstructured":"CarrA. ThorisdottirA. SamarasK. KaufmannGR ChisholmDJ CooperDA.Reversibility of protease inhibitor (PI) lipodystrophy syndrome on stopping PI or switching to nelfinavir [abstr]. In: and abstracts the 6th conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections Chicago January 31February 4 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199905070-00009","article-title":"Reversion of metabolic abnormalities after switching HIV\u20101 protease inhibitors to nevirapine","volume":"13","author":"Martinez E.","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","unstructured":"MoyleG. BaldwinC. DentN. GazzardB..Management of protease inhibitor (PI)\u2010associated lipodystrophy by substitution with efavirenz in virologically controlled HIV+ persons [abstr]. In: and Abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy San Francisco September 2629 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)00022-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HewittRG SheltonMJ EschLD.Gemfibrozil effectively lowers protease inhibitor\u2010associated hypertriglyceridemia in HIV\u20101 (+) patients [abstr]. In: and Abstracts of the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy San Diego September 2427 1998.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199905070-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","unstructured":"PoloR. VerdejoJ. Gonzalez\u2010MunozM. et al.Switch to AZT + 3TC improves lipodystrophy signs in the presence of protease inhibitors [abstr]. In: s and Abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy San Francisco September 2629 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","unstructured":"WalliRK MichlGM RognerJ.R. et al.Effects on the PPAR\u2010activator troglitazone on protease associated peripheral insulin resistance [abstr]. In: and Abstracts of the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Chicago January 31February 4 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","unstructured":"Saint\u2010MarcT. TouraineJL.Effects of metformin on insulin resistance and central adiposity in patients receiving effective protease inhibitor (PI) [abstr]. In: and Abstracts of the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Chicago January 31February 4 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","unstructured":"TorresR. UngerK..The effect of recombinant human growth hormone on protease\u2010inhibitor\u2010associated fat maldistribution syndrome [abstr]. In: s and Abstracts of the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Chicago January 31February 4 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","unstructured":"SnatosGA FinkelsteinJ. PettitR..Management of HIV\u2010associated adipose redistribution syndrome (HARS) in women with low\u2010dose recombinant human growth (r\u2010hGH) [abstr]. In: s and Abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy San Francisco September 2629 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","unstructured":"LeeD. MathewsWC.Prevalence and risk factors for hyperglycemia dyslipidemia and coronary disease among HIV infected patients on protease inhibitor therapy [abstr]. In: s and Abstracts of the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Chicago January 31February 4 1999."}],"container-title":["Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1592%2Fphco.20.1.13.34667","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1592\/phco.20.1.13.34667","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T10:06:13Z","timestamp":1761041173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1592\/phco.20.1.13.34667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1592\/phco.20.1.13.34667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1592\/phco.20.1.13.34667","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-0008","1875-9114"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-0008","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9114","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-01-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}