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Estrogen or hormone replacement therapy (ERT\u2010HRT) is the treatment of choice in postmenopausal women. Dosages prescribed for menopause symptoms or to prevent osteoporosis (and, potentially, other conditions) can restore the vagina to premenopausal physiology and relieve symptoms. Concomitant progestins are necessary for women with an intact uterus to minimize or eliminate estrogen\u2010induced endometrial cancer. Low\u2010dosage oral and vaginal ERT can relieve urogenital atrophy but might not produce systemic effects. Progestins are not necessary with vaginal rings and vaginal tablets. If ERT is given only to treat urogenital atrophy, estrogen creams 1 or 2 times\/week may prevent recurrence after symptoms are resolved. Progestins are not required for occasional estrogen cream use. Vaginal moisturizers provide longer relief by changing the fluid content of endothelium and lowering vaginal pH. Vaginal lubricants provide short\u2010term relief. Women with contraindications to ERT\u2010HRT could use lubricants for intercourse\u2010related dryness or moisturizers for more continuous relief. The lay press promotes agrimony, black cohosh, chaste tree, dong quai, witch hazel, and phytoestrogens for vaginal dryness and dyspareunia; however, no evidence exists to support these specific claims. Pharmacists should be actively involved in identifying, preventing, and treating urogenital atrophy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.21.5.464.34486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,9]],"date-time":"2004-06-09T05:42:40Z","timestamp":1086759760000},"page":"464-480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Urogenital Atrophy: Prevention and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Laurie A.","family":"Willhite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Beth","family":"O'Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200007030-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"3090","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of atrophic vaginitis","volume":"61","author":"Bachmann G.A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"The new VD","volume":"18","author":"Debrovner D.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Druggist"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"4","article-title":"The human vagina","volume":"8","author":"Krantz K.E.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Pract Sex"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Vaginal physiology","volume":"8","author":"Semmens J.P.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Pract Sex"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199710000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516221"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10056.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"S91","article-title":"Ovarian hormones and vaginal blood flow: using laser Doppler velocimetry to measure effects in a clinical trial of post\u2010menopausal women","volume":"10","author":"Sarrel P.M.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"Estrogen replacement therapy for atrophic vaginitis","volume":"31","author":"Rigg L.A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Fertil"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(99)00264-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1995.tb04143.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-199307000-00028"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/21.2.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)90737-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"963","article-title":"Postpartum dyspareunia, an unexplored problem","volume":"44","author":"Goetsch M.F.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03330400041022","article-title":"Vaginal atrophy and the postmenopausal woman: the importance of sexual activity and hormones","volume":"249","author":"Leiblum S.","year":"1983","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","volume-title":"Raloxifene (Evista) data on file","author":"Lilly Research Laboratories","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","unstructured":"CohenF. 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