{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T18:03:50Z","timestamp":1761933830779,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,16]],"date-time":"2012-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1326672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3121,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold> Formulary decisions regarding a given drug class are often made in the absence of patient outcome and\/or sophisticated pharmacoeconomic data. Analyses that consider factors beyond simple acquisition costs may be useful in such situations. For example, the cost implications of using manufacturers' recommendations for dosing in patients with renal dysfunction may be important, depending on the distribution of various levels of renal function within a patient population.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold> Using four 1000\u2010patient populations representing different renal function distributions and a fifth population of our medical center's distribution, we determined the costs of therapy for intravenous and oral levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin for a 10\u2010day course of therapy for community\u2010acquired pneumonia. Costs considered were average wholesale prices (AWPs), 50% of AWP, or same daily price, plus intravenous dose preparation and administration costs when applicable. Costs for each renal function distribution were examined for significant differences with an analysis\u2010of\u2010variance test. Also, costs of failing to adjust dosing regimens for decreased renal function were determined.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Differences in fluoroquinolone costs (AWP, 50% AWP, or when matched as the same daily price) among the populations were found. When considering same daily prices, differences among populations ranged from about $35,000 with intravenous gatifloxacin to more than $51,000 for intravenous levofloxacin (all fluoroquinolones, p&gt;0.05). Within a population, differences in costs among the intravenous fluoroquinolones ranged from $47,000\u201399,000. Rank orders of the drugs and population costs of therapy were affected by the pricing structure used and varied by the specific population and drug. Differences among the fluoroquinolones or populations were much smaller (&lt; $2100) when considering oral regimens. Costs potentially incurred by failing to adjust dosing for renal function were substantial.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> Formulary decisions can be facilitated by considering factors such as patient characteristics and related dosing in addition to simple acquisition costs. In our example, consideration of the distribution of renal function within a given patient population and related dosing for these fluoroquinolones revealed potentially important differences within the class.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.23.7.925.32732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,13]],"date-time":"2004-05-13T12:11:03Z","timestamp":1084450263000},"page":"925-932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Novel Method of Estimating Cost of Therapy by Using Patient Population Characteristics: Analysis of Fluoroquinolones in Various Populations with Different Distributions of Renal Function"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kevin A.","family":"Enzweiler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Bosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger L.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90181-V"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/57.suppl_3.S10","article-title":"Experiences at a large teaching hospital with levofloxacin for the treatment of community\u2010acquired pneumonia","volume":"57","author":"Clark L.C.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Health-Syst Pharm"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(00)88483-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000180580"},{"volume-title":"2001 drug topics: red book update","year":"2001","author":"Cardinale V.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-199711010-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.5.1439"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin: two new fluoroquinolones","volume":"42","author":"Abramowicz M.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Lett Drugs Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Sparfloxacin and levofloxacin","volume":"39","author":"Abramowicz M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Lett Drugs Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"1124","volume-title":"AHFS drug information first fax, 2000","author":"McEvoy G.K.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"1127","volume-title":"AHFS drug information first fax, 2000","author":"McEvoy G.K.","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1592%2Fphco.23.7.925.32732","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1592\/phco.23.7.925.32732","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T13:40:34Z","timestamp":1761054034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1592\/phco.23.7.925.32732"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1592\/phco.23.7.925.32732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1592\/phco.23.7.925.32732","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-0008","1875-9114"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0277-0008"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1875-9114"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-01-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}